Lab Final

components of microscope

components of microscope

base, arm, stage, objectives, nosepiece, course and fine adjustment knobs, nosepiece

4x lens name

scanning lense, 40x total mag (4*10)

10x lens name

low power lens, 100x total mag (10*10)

40x lens name

high power lens, 400x total mag (40*10)

100x lens name

oil immersion lens, 1000x total mag (100*10)

total magnification

objective lens * 10x (ocular lens)

total magnification of dissecting microscope

just what says on dial

refraction and 100x lens

not enough light hits 100x lens b/c small, so use immersion oil b/c same refractive index as slide so light not refracted away from lens

parfocality

specimen remains in focus when switch between objectives

dissecting microscope

used for low magnification of plate cultures, live specimens, total mag 7x to 30x

100x resolution compared to naked eye

100x has greater resolution

advantage of unstained specimen

can see moving, colors and textures

disadvantage of unstained specimen

hard to see and find on slide

how to slow specimen down without killing

add drop of Protoslo before adding specimen

where dispose pathogenic or invasive material

biohazard box

where dispose caustic chemicals

liquid chemical waste

where dispose uncontaminated broken glass

uncontaminated broken glass

where dispose contaminated broken glass and coverslips

biohazard box

hypothesis

preliminary explanation of phenomenon, broad based on question

prediction

narrow, specific, what think results of experiment will be (based on experimental design)

replication within an experiment

multiple study subjects, each sample = replicate, large = better = protect against outliers

replication of an experiment

write exp. design clearly so others can repeat, results must also be replicable

osmosis positive control

substance in bag

osmosis negative control

substance in beaker

glucose diffusion test

reducing sugar, add Benedict's solution and sit in hot water bath until change color, blue = no reducing sugar, green = some red. sugar, orange = lots red. sugar

NaCl diffusion test

add silver nitrate, see if precipitate

starch test

add iodine, see if turn purple

iodine test

add starch, see if turn purple

net effect of diffusion

movement of molec. from high to low conc

what happens at equilibrium

molecules continue to move, but movement not affect overall concentration

rate of diffusion

constant x 1/(MW)^.5

hypotonic

less solute outside cell

hypertonic

more solute outside cell

isotonic

conc. equal inside and outside membrane, no change in volume

do plant cells burst

no, have cell wall

crenation

animal cells shrink and crinkle

plasmolysis

plant cells shrink away from cell wall but maintain original external shape

why respond same in 300mM soln glucose and 150mM soln NaCl

same total number of solutes

what is potato like in hypotonic

hard, turgic, stiff

what is potato like in hypertonic

soft, bendy

what can move through membrane

everything except starch (salt, iodine, sugar, water)

do osmosis and diffusion happen at same time

yes

glucose active or passive in blood

active, not want any in blood

glucose active or passive in epithelial cells

passive, flow through on way to something else

why does reaction slow down after a few minutes

all enzymes saturated

how does activity change when inc. substrate

plateaus because reach saturation

how does activity change when inc. enzyme

continue to inc, no upper limit, more active sites

how does pH affect enzyme

affect folding and function and activity at active site

what determines optimal pH and temperature

optimal cellular environment of where enzyme needs to operate in cell

how paper chrom. works

non polar solute, so non polar stays in solution longer and makes all the way up paper while polar falls out of solution earlier on page

order of polarity

np ‒ carotene, xanthophyll, chlor. a, chlor. b ‒ polar, depends on number of O (h-bond acceptor)

how know where photosynthesis occurs in starch exp

leaves grown in light have starch

is light necessary for starch synthesis

yes

where is starch made

outside edges of leaves, in thylakoid

primary literature

written by scientist who conducted study

secondary literature

summary of primary literature, review article (!)

animal cell cytokinesis

form cleavage furrow via actin and myosin contraction that pinches cell

plant cell cytokinesis

make cell plate from vesicles

longest phase of cell cycle

interphase

longest phase of mitosis

prophase

shortest phase of mitosis

anaphase

why many possible outcomes of meiosis

crossing over, independent assortment

role of meiosis

generate gametes, haploid cells

why aneuploidy

nondisjunction in anaphase

are there genetic differences in asexually reproducing organism

yes because mutation

advantage of mitosis

cell repairment, quicker, less energy

disadvantage of mitosis

lack of genetic diversity, unregulated leading to mutations

difference between meiosis different than mitosis

two divisions, 4 haploid daughter cells, crossing over, genetically unique daughter cells, make gametes, homologous chromosomes

meoisis advantage

genetic diversity, sexual reproduction

meiosis disadvantage

slower, more energy

null hypothesis

nothing significant is expected to happen so results are due to random change

alternative hypothesis

something significant is expected to happen, results not due to random chance

genotype

alleles

phenotype

physical expression of genotype

calculate chi-squared

d = b – e, chi^2 = ∑(d^2/e)

meaning of chi-squared value

larger = more likely to reject null hypothesis

fail to reject null hypothesis

means due to random change

Monohybrid cross offspring ratio

3:1 ratio

Dihybrid cross offspring ratio

9:3:3:1 ratio

small deviation meaning

difference due to random chance

agglutination

antibodies react to target antigen, form precipitate

what A antiserum contains

antibodies to type A antigen

how generate A antiserum

from type B blood plasma

what two things influence phenotype

genes and environment

antigens on type A RBC

A antigen

antigens on type B RBC

B antigen

antigens on type AB RBC

both A and B antigens

antigens on type O RBC

none

antibodies in type A plasma

anti-B antibodies

antibodies in type B plasma

anti-A antibodies

antibodies in type AB plasma

none

antibodies in type O plasma

anti-A and anti-B antibodies

who can type O ppl donate to

everyone

who can type O people receive from

only type O

who can type AB give to

none

who can type AB people receive from

everyone

what is an antigen

proteins on surface of cell, so identify RBC

what is an antibody

in plasma, recognize foreign material

what is antiserum

blood serum, contains antibodies, from plasma

why mother needs RhoGAM

if mother is Rh-, contain some anti-D antibody that act against Rh+ antigens that release after rupture of placenta and release of baby Rh+ blood, prevents mother from generating harmful secondary immune response