Studied by 22 people
chemotaxis
movement toward or away from chemicals
phototaxis
movement toward or away from light
positive response
movement toward a stimulus
negative response
movement away from a stimulus
single-celled organisms
_ reproduce by first duplicating their DNA, and then dividing it equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells
multicellular organisms
_often produce specialized reproductive germline cells (cells that form eggs in females and sperm in males) that will form new individuals
genes
Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their _
internal functions, respond to stimuli, cope with environmental stresses
Even the smallest organisms are complex and require multiple regulatory mechanisms to coordinate _ (ex. nutrient transport and blood flow), _, and _.
homeostasis
ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions. (ex. an organism needs to regulate body temperature through a process known as thermoregulation)
source of energy
All organisms use a _ for their metabolic activities
photosynthesis
capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy in food
cellular respiration
_ use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food
responsiveness, growth, metabolism, energy transformation, reproduction
all living things exhibit _, _, _, _, _, and, _
cell
each organism is composed of one or more compartmentalized units; capable of transforming carbon-based and other compounds for metabolism, growth, and participation in reproductive acts
definite boundaries
Living systems are objects with _, continually exchanging some materials with their surroundings but without altering their general properties, at least over some period of time
life
defined as any system capable of performing functions such as eating, metabolizing, excreting, breathing, moving, growing, reproducing, and responding to external stimuli.
enzymes
biochemical sees living organisms as systems that contain reproducible hereditary information coded in nucleic acid molecules and that metabolize by controlling the rate of chemical reactions using the proteinaceous catalysts known as _
prions
Virus-like agents called _ lack nucleic acids
mutations
alters the instructions for one or more particular characteristics
replication
refers to the capacity of molecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to precisely copy themselves, whereas reproduction refers to the increase in number of organisms by acts that make a new individual from its parent or parents.
isolated
_ system separated from the rest of the environment and exchanges neither light nor heat nor matter with its surroundings
closed
_ system is one in which energy exchanges but not matter
open
_ system is one in which both material and energetic exchanges occur
autopoietic
refers to self-producing, self-maintaining, self-repairing, and self-relational aspects of living systems
living bacterial cell
_ is the smallest autopoietic system on Earth
carsonella ruddii
_ have fewer than 200 genes and proteins, but they, like organelles and viruses, are not autopoietic since they must be inside an autopoietic system (living cell) to metabolize and survive.
450
no self-bounded autopoietic system smaller than a cell with at least _ proteins and the genes that code for these proteins has ever been described
spontaneous generation
The process wherein living organisms could spring fully formed from non-living material.
Francisco Redi
he placed rotting meat in covered and uncovered jars, and noted that maggots formed only in the uncovered jar
Zacharias Janssen
he invented the microscope
Georges Buffon
first European to propose that the earth and solar system had arisen due to natural processes, and that life itself had emerged from the earth.
John Needham
He performed the test to determine if boiling could kill microorganisms. He boiled broth, then covered it. A few days later, microorganisms grew
Lazaro Spallanzani
Italian priest suspected that microorganisms had entered the flask after Needham had boiled it, but before he had sealed it, entering through the air.
Louis Pasteur
He convinced the scientific community with his Swan-neck flask experiments that microorganisms did not arise via spontaneous generation. This puts the controversy to rest and omne vivum e vivo ("all life from life") became the accepted aphorism.
Miller-Urey
duplicated the conditions of the primordial earth in this now-famous apparatus: The experiment yielded many of the organic building blocks of life, including amino acids, sugars, and even nucleotide bases
omne vivum e vivo
it means "all life from life"
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
This French scientist concluded from his studies of fossils and living organisms that evolution was driven by the sentiments interieurs ("felt need") of organisms. Animals could change over generations if their environment dictated that they needed to change to survive. Believed that evolution was driven by "use vs. disuse"
Georges Cuvier
French anatomist developing the science of paleontology, Proposed that natural disasters had wiped the earth clear of life (locally), and that new life had migrated into the devastated places from surrounding areas.
paleontology
the study of fossils
Zoology
branch of biology devoted to the study of animal life
animal science
zoology is also known as _.
aristotle
_ is credited with devising the system of classifying animals that recognized similarities among diverse organisms in the fourth century B.C.E.; he arranged groups of animals according to mode of reproduction and habitat.
carolus linnaeus
_ is a Swedish Botanist who developed a system of nomenclature that still is used today; the binomial system of genus and species — and established as a discipline taxonomy
taxonomy
branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms
vertebrate zoology
_ is the study of animals that have backbones (including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals)
invertebrate zoology
_ is the study of animals that lack backbones which include insects, spiders, crustaceans, worms, shellfish, and others
anatomy or anatomical zoology
_ is concerned with the structural characteristics of animals.
taxonomy or taxonomic zoology
_ is concerned with the way animals are named and classified
animal physiology
_ studies the functions and metabolic processes that support life in animals.
animal behavior or ethology
_ studies the behavioral characteristics and patterns of animals
animal genetics
_ studies the hereditary characteristics of animals
animal development
_ studies how animals are grow and develop from the time of fertilization to its full adult form in the case of sexually reproduced organisms as well as in the beginning of life of asexually reproduced animals.
asexual
results to “clones” (not exclusive to unicellular or microorganisms)
sexual
results to offspring with unique genetic characteristics (not exclusive to multicellular organisms)
growth
concerned with how big
development
encompasses structure from simple to more complex
stimulus
something that evokes response
anabolic
small molecules are assembled into large ones. Energy is required
catabolic
large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released
anton van leeuwenhoek
first to view living things under microscope
pond water and scraping from his teeth
_ and _ are used he used to view in microscope
cells
_ built up all of the parts of the body of any living thing
