Chapter 1 (Zoology as biological science) and Chapter 2 (The science of Zoology))

chemotaxis

movement toward or away from chemicals

phototaxis

movement toward or away from light

positive response

movement toward a stimulus

negative response

movement away from a stimulus

single-celled organisms

_ reproduce by first duplicating their DNA, and then dividing it equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells

multicellular organisms

_often produce specialized reproductive germline cells (cells that form eggs in females and sperm in males) that will form new individuals

genes

Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their _

internal functions, respond to stimuli, cope with environmental stresses

Even the smallest organisms are complex and require multiple regulatory mechanisms to coordinate _ (ex. nutrient transport and blood flow), _, and _.

homeostasis

ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions. (ex. an organism needs to regulate body temperature through a process known as thermoregulation)

source of energy

All organisms use a _ for their metabolic activities

photosynthesis

capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy in food

cellular respiration

_ use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food

responsiveness, growth, metabolism, energy transformation, reproduction

all living things exhibit _, _, _, _, _, and, _

cell

each organism is composed of one or more compartmentalized units; capable of transforming carbon-based and other compounds for metabolism, growth, and participation in reproductive acts

definite boundaries

Living systems are objects with _, continually exchanging some materials with their surroundings but without altering their general properties, at least over some period of time

life

defined as any system capable of performing functions such as eating, metabolizing, excreting, breathing, moving, growing, reproducing, and responding to external stimuli.

enzymes

biochemical sees living organisms as systems that contain reproducible hereditary information coded in nucleic acid molecules and that metabolize by controlling the rate of chemical reactions using the proteinaceous catalysts known as _

prions

Virus-like agents called _ lack nucleic acids

mutations

alters the instructions for one or more particular characteristics

replication

refers to the capacity of molecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to precisely copy themselves, whereas reproduction refers to the increase in number of organisms by acts that make a new individual from its parent or parents.

isolated

_ system separated from the rest of the environment and exchanges neither light nor heat nor matter with its surroundings

closed

_ system is one in which energy exchanges but not matter

open

_ system is one in which both material and energetic exchanges occur

autopoietic

refers to self-producing, self-maintaining, self-repairing, and self-relational aspects of living systems

living bacterial cell

_ is the smallest autopoietic system on Earth

carsonella ruddii

_ have fewer than 200 genes and proteins, but they, like organelles and viruses, are not autopoietic since they must be inside an autopoietic system (living cell) to metabolize and survive.

450

no self-bounded autopoietic system smaller than a cell with at least _ proteins and the genes that code for these proteins has ever been described

spontaneous generation

The process wherein living organisms could spring fully formed from non-living material.

Francisco Redi

he placed rotting meat in covered and uncovered jars, and noted that maggots formed only in the uncovered jar

Zacharias Janssen

he invented the microscope

Georges Buffon

first European to propose that the earth and solar system had arisen due to natural processes, and that life itself had emerged from the earth.

John Needham

He performed the test to determine if boiling could kill microorganisms. He boiled broth, then covered it. A few days later, microorganisms grew

Lazaro Spallanzani

Italian priest suspected that microorganisms had entered the flask after Needham had boiled it, but before he had sealed it, entering through the air.

Louis Pasteur

He convinced the scientific community with his Swan-neck flask experiments that microorganisms did not arise via spontaneous generation. This puts the controversy to rest and omne vivum e vivo ("all life from life") became the accepted aphorism.

Miller-Urey

duplicated the conditions of the primordial earth in this now-famous apparatus: The experiment yielded many of the organic building blocks of life, including amino acids, sugars, and even nucleotide bases

omne vivum e vivo

it means "all life from life"

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

This French scientist concluded from his studies of fossils and living organisms that evolution was driven by the sentiments interieurs ("felt need") of organisms. Animals could change over generations if their environment dictated that they needed to change to survive. Believed that evolution was driven by "use vs. disuse"

Georges Cuvier

French anatomist developing the science of paleontology, Proposed that natural disasters had wiped the earth clear of life (locally), and that new life had migrated into the devastated places from surrounding areas.

paleontology

the study of fossils

Zoology

branch of biology devoted to the study of animal life

animal science

zoology is also known as _.

aristotle

_ is credited with devising the system of classifying animals that recognized similarities among diverse organisms in the fourth century B.C.E.; he arranged groups of animals according to mode of reproduction and habitat.

carolus linnaeus

_ is a Swedish Botanist who developed a system of nomenclature that still is used today; the binomial system of genus and species — and established as a discipline taxonomy

taxonomy

branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms

vertebrate zoology

_ is the study of animals that have backbones (including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals)

invertebrate zoology

_ is the study of animals that lack backbones which include insects, spiders, crustaceans, worms, shellfish, and others

anatomy or anatomical zoology

_ is concerned with the structural characteristics of animals.

taxonomy or taxonomic zoology

_ is concerned with the way animals are named and classified

animal physiology

_ studies the functions and metabolic processes that support life in animals.

animal behavior or ethology

_ studies the behavioral characteristics and patterns of animals

animal genetics

_ studies the hereditary characteristics of animals

animal development

_ studies how animals are grow and develop from the time of fertilization to its full adult form in the case of sexually reproduced organisms as well as in the beginning of life of asexually reproduced animals.

asexual

results to “clones” (not exclusive to unicellular or microorganisms)

sexual

results to offspring with unique genetic characteristics (not exclusive to multicellular organisms)

growth

concerned with how big

development

encompasses structure from simple to more complex

stimulus

something that evokes response

anabolic

small molecules are assembled into large ones. Energy is required

catabolic

large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released

anton van leeuwenhoek

first to view living things under microscope

pond water and scraping from his teeth

_ and _ are used he used to view in microscope

cells

_ built up all of the parts of the body of any living thing