Criminal Justice Exam 2

What was the role of family (kin) in early policing?

Families were responsible for securing justice by capturing, branding, or killing offenders.

What were tithings in the context of early English policing?

Tithings were groups of 10 males over the age of 12 responsible for controlling their village.

What significant event in policing occurred in 1829?

The founding of the London Police.

What are the three eras of American policing?

Political Era (1840-1920), Reform Era (1920-1980), Community Policing/Problem-Solving Era (1980-Present).

What was the impact of the 18th Amendment on policing?

It placed police in an adversarial role of enforcing vice laws.

What does the term 'Community Policing' emphasize?

It emphasizes addressing social conditions that breed crime through collaboration with community residents.

What is the Watchman Style of policing?

A style focused on order maintenance, using informal interventions and persuasion to control illegal behaviors.

What characterizes the Legalistic Style of policing?

It prioritizes following the letter of the law, often ignoring non-enforcement issues.

What is the primary focus of the Service Style of policing?

Helping the community and using networks with social service providers.

What does the 4th Amendment protect against?

Unreasonable searches and seizures without a warrant based on probable cause.

What is the Exclusionary Rule?

It states that incriminating information must be seized according to constitutional specifications or it cannot be used in court.

What landmark case established the Exclusionary Rule?

Weeks v. US (1914).

What does the term 'Fruit of the Poisonous Tree' refer to?

Evidence developed from an illegal search or seizure is excluded from trial.

What is the Arm's Length Rule?

It allows searching the area within a defendant's immediate reach for officer safety and to prevent evidence destruction.

What is the Good Faith Doctrine in relation to searches?

It allows evidence obtained through a lawful search, even if a mistake was made regarding the warrant.

What is the Plan View Doctrine?

It permits seizure of visible objects during a search if officers have a legal right to be in the viewing area.

Under what circumstances can Emergency Searches be conducted?

When there are clear dangers to life, risk of escape, or likely destruction of evidence.

What constitutes Reasonable Suspicion?

An experienced officer's belief that crime is occurring based on facts and reasonable inferences.

What is the significance of the case Terry v. Ohio (1968)?

It established the basis for police profiling based on reasonable suspicion.

What is the Fleeting Targets Exception?

It allows warrantless searches of vehicles based on probable cause due to the risk of quick escape.

What does the Fleeing Felon Doctrine state?

Police cannot shoot suspects who are fleeing or avoiding apprehension.

What are common characteristics of potential arrestees?

Intoxication, bewilderment, fear, and indignation.

What is the typical demeanor of police officers during interactions?

Sobriety, calmness, routine, and professionalism.

What percentage of police cases involve a violation of the exclusionary rule?

Less than 2%

What are the common circumstances under which police operate?

They usually have a warrant, act in good faith, or respond to a call from a victim, witness, or suspect.

What does suspect consent do to constitutional safeguards?

It renders many constitutional safeguards irrelevant.

What is a key example of due process in American law?

Defendants have the right to avoid talking to the police.

What are the three types of social control illustrated by police custody?

Informal social control (uncomfortable silence), formal social control (restricted movement), and conscience (guilty conscience).

What is prohibited during police interrogation according to Brown v. Mississippi (1936)?

Physically abusing defendants.

What does Ashcraft v. Tennessee (1944) prohibit?

Using inherent coercion, such as bright lights, during interrogation.

What right does Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) grant defendants?

The right to have counsel present during police interrogation.

What must happen once a defendant requests counsel according to Edwards v. Arizona (1981)?

All questioning must cease until an attorney is present.

What does Minnick v. Mississippi (1990) state about interrogation?

Interrogation may not resume after the suspect has contacted a lawyer and the lawyer is no longer present.

What are the key components of Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?

Right to remain silent, right to an attorney, and that anything said can be used against the suspect.

What triggers Miranda rights?

Custody and interrogation.

What is an exception to Miranda advisement according to New York v. Quarles (1984)?

Exigent circumstances can necessitate ignoring Miranda advisement.

What was the impact of Miranda safeguards on confession rates in Pittsburgh?

Confession rates decreased by 19%.

How many cases are lost due to Miranda safeguards in one year?

About 3.8 cases.

What is the relationship between offense seriousness and arrest probability?

The seriousness of the offense is positively related to the likelihood of arrest.

What extralegal factors can influence police arrest decisions?

Demeanor, disrespect, and behavior cues such as shiftness or belligerence.

What is the effect of initiating minor force against officers while handcuffed?

It increases the chance of police force by 1,800%.

How does police culture affect police officers' attitudes?

Police culture and experience mold the police personality; they do not self-select it.

What is the annual number of police-citizen interactions in the US?

About 40 million.

What percentage of the US population over age 12 experiences police force?

0.6%.

How many justifiable homicides do police commit annually?

About 400.

What is the average number of officers murdered in the line of duty per year since 1976?

An average of 76 officers.