Integumentary and Skeletal Systems Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering the Integumentary and Skeletal systems, based on Chaper 6 and Chapter 7 lecture notes.

Integumentary System

The body system whose major functions include protection, sensation, Vitamin D production, temperature regulation, and excretion.

Epidermas

The outermost, thin, superficial layer of skin which is mainly made of keratinocytes and does not contain blood vessels.

Dermis

The thick middle layer of skin containing collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands.

Hypodermis

The deepest fatty layer, also known as subcutaneous tissue, used for insulation, padding, and energy storage.

Keratinocytes

Main cells found in the epidermis that produce keratin for protection.

Melanocytes

Cells that produce melanin, the pigment that protects skin from UV radiation.

Langerhans cells

Specialized tissue-resident macrophages in the skin that act as immune sentinels for defense.

Merkel cells

Sensory receptors located in the skin that function as touch receptors.

Stratum Basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of $1$ layer of cells that continuously divide to produce new skin cells.

Stratum Spinosum

An epidermis layer $8$ to $10$ layers thick where cells appear spiny and keratin production begins.

Stratum Granulosum

The layer where cells begin to die and contains keratohyalin granules that waterproof the skin.

Stratum Lucidum

A clear layer composed of eledin found only in thick skin like the palms and soles; it acts as a water barrier.

Stratum Corneum

The outermost superficial layer of the epidermis containing $15-30$ layers of dead keratinocytes that continuously shed.

Eumelanin

A form of melanin that provides black and brown pigment.

Pheomelanin

A form of melanin that provides reddish pigment.

Callus

A thickened area of skin caused by repeated friction or pressure that results in the stratum corneum becoming thicker.

Arrector Pili Muscle

A small muscle that pulls the hair upright, producing goosebumps.

Sebaceous Gland

Glands that produce oily sebum to lubricate and protect the skin and hair.

Eccrine Gland

Glands active early in life that produce less viscous, watery sweat primarily for cooling the body.

Apocrine Gland

Scent-related glands active at puberty that produce a more viscous secretion, commonly in armpit and genital areas.

$1^{st}$ Degree Burn

A superficial burn that affects only the epidermis.

$2^{nd}$ Degree Burn

A partial-thickness burn that affects the epidermis and part of the dermis.

$3^{rd}$ Degree Burn

A full-thickness burn that destroys the epidermis and dermis and may affect deeper tissue.

Skeletal System

The body's framework made of bones and cartilage, providing support, protection, and movement.

Red Bone Marrow

Storage tissue in bones where the production of blood cells occurs.

Yellow Bone Marrow

Tissue consisting of adipose (fat) storage found within the medullary cavity of bones.

Hyaline Cartilage

Cartilage found at the ends of bones that form joints, helping bones glide and reducing friction.

Fibrocartilage

A type of cartilage found between vertebrae and within the knee and pubic symphysis.

Epiphysis

The rounded ends of a long bone.

Diaphysis

The main shaft of a long bone.

Epiphyseal Plate

Growth cartilage found in children that allows bones to increase in length.

Periosteum

The outer covering of bone consisting of dense irregular connective tissue housing osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Endosteum

Dense irregular connective tissue lining the medullary cavity within a bone.

Long Bones

Cylinder-like bones that function as levers for movement, such as the femur, tibia, and humerus.

Sesamoid Bones

Small, round bones that form inside a tendon or ligament to protect them from wear and tear, such as the patella.

Short Bones

Cube-like bones that provide stability and support, such as carpals in the wrist and tarsals in the ankle.

Chondroblasts

Immature cartilage cells that act as tissue builders.

Chondrocytes

Mature cartilage cells that are completely surrounded by matrix and found in lacunae.

Foramen

A hole through bone that allows for the passage of nerves or blood vessels.

Sinus

An air-filled space within a bone.