Exam 1: Viral Diseases of Birds

what are the principles of avian disease prevention

• advanced planning

• reputable source

• quarantine

• examinations

• husbandry

• sanitation

• common sense

what diagnostics are used for viruses in birds

• serology

• virus neutralization

• AGID

• complement fixation

• ELISA

• gene probes

generally describe circoviruses

• 42 parrot species

• 6m-3yrs

• lack of beak powder

• feather abnormalities

what are the signs of acute psittacine beak and feather disease

• vocalization

• depression

• neurologic

• regurgitation

  • birds become anemic

describe the transmission and replication of psittacine beak and feather disease

• DNA virus

• shed in feces and feather dander

• viral replication in bursa of fabricius

how is psittacine beak and feather disease diagnosed

• clinical, histopathology (feather follicle), PCR

• control

• canaries → black spot

  • hepatomegaly, can see liver under the skin

how is avian polyoma virus described in budgerigars

• dysplastic feathers

• abdominal distention → hepatomegaly

  • endemic

how is avian polyoma virus described in non-budgerigar parrots

• acute and rapidly fatal

• subcutaneous hemorrhage

• crop stasis

how is avial polyoma virus described biologically

• DNA vrus

• shed, incubation 9-14 days

• diagnosis

• vaccinate at 6 wks of age in 2 doses 2/3 wwks apart

how are avian papillomaviruses generally described

• cutaneous papillomas rare in parrots

• DNA viruses

• localized growth in beak and face

how are adenoviruses described in birds

• post-mortem diagnosis

• kidneys

• DNA virus

• fading ostrich syndrome

• shed in urine, feces, respiratory

what is Pacheco’s disease

• herpesvirus causing peracute death

• conures

• non-specific antemortem signs

• profuse sulphur colored urates

what is the biology of parrot herpesvirus

• spread in feces, resp, ocular secretions

• incubation 5-14 days

• inclusion bodies mainly in liver and spleen

  • can be subclinical, very hard to find until shedding

what are the forms of avian pox

• dry form is most common, main vector is mosquitoes (hemotogenous)

• wet form

• systemic pox

• rare in parrots

• large DNA virus

how is avian poxvirus diagnosed and controlled

• biosy showing large intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger bodies)

• control with management and vaccine

what are the major groups of paramyxoviruses

• PMV-1 = velogenic viscerotropic newcastle disease

• PMV-2 worldwide

• PMV-3 in japan, US, canada

describe the biology of paramyxoviruses

• enveloped RNA virus

• shed in feces and respiratory secretions

• diagnose through VI, VVND reportable

how is avian influenza virs described

• orthomyxovirus

• HPAI= H5N1 (Hemagglutin antigens and Neuroaminidase antigens)

• rare in cage birds

• exposure

• clinical signs - neuro, GI, diarrhea, anorexia

• diagnosis - PCR

how is eastern equine encephalitis described in birds

• alphavirus

• mosquito vectors

• emus, whooping cranes

• serositis, GI signs, will defecate pure blood

• vaccination with horse vax

• treat with supportive care

how is west nile virus describe din birds

• flavivirus

• exposure through Culex spp mosquitoes

• >250 bird species

• vaccinate with equine WNV

• treat supportively

what are the clinical signs of west nile virus in birds

• loss of coordination

• head tilt

• tremors

• weakness

• apparent blindness

what are the lesions of the potential virus interanal papillomatosis

• oral cavity

• esophagus

• lacrimal duct

• conjunctiva

• vent

how is the potential virus interanal papillomatosis described

• herpes? bile duct/pancreatic duct carcinoma?

• lesions on face of macaw

• regresses proliferates

• supportive treatment

• may transmit to other birds

• prevention key

describe the potential virus Psittacine proventricular dilation syndrome

• Borna virus?

• macaw wasting disease

• wide range of species

• depression, emaciation

• vocalization, neurological signs

how might viruses cause neoplasia in birds

• retroviruses

• esp budgies, but other species too