CSD 313 Exam 1

Speech science

A general term referring to voice and speech science. Includes the study of acoustics, kinematics, dynamics, aerodynamics, and psychoacoustics

Acoustics

the study of physics of sound

Kinematics

the study of motion

Dynamics

the study of the forces that cause movement

Aerodynamics

the study of the movement of air and the forces used to generate the movements

Psychoacoustics

the study of the relationship between physical properties and our perception of those properties

What is a sine wave

The wave of a simple harmonic motion; a pure tone

Characteristic of a sine wave

wavelength, frequency, period, intensity, speed, phase

Newton’s 1st law

• A body in motion tends to stay in motion; a body at rest tends to stay at rest (aka law of inertia)

• Lack of motion does not mean no forces (the forces may be balanced)

Newton’s 2nd law

• Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of an object

• F=ma

• the greater the mass → the slower the acceleration

• the less the mass → the faster the acceleration

Newton’s 3rd law

For every action (force) there is an equal, opposite reaction

• think about vocal folds

Speech production

the process of producing a sound wave (pressure wave) that is perceptible to the human ear

Compression

the increase in density of air molecules

Rarefaction

a decrease in the density of air molecules

Wavelength

• The distance over which the wave repeats itself (lambda)

• is dependent on frequency λ

Frequency

the number of cycles per second

Power Spectrum

A snapshot of the energy of each frequency component of the pressure wave

Interference

when two or more waves meet

Constructive interference

• when compression meets compression or rarefaction meets rarefaction

• leads to reinforcement of compressions and rarefactions - wave has greater intensity

Destructive interference

• compression meets rarefaction

• cancellation of compressions and rarefactions - wave has weaker intensity

Complex interference (mixed)

two waves of equal frequency become out of phase with each other - not totally constructive or destructive

Fundamental frequency

the lowest frequency of a complex wave

Wavelength & Frequency

Inversely related

wavelength = c/f

ex: 120 Hz sound has wavelength of 340

340/120 = 2.8m

Period & Frequency

Period (T) = 1/F (Hz)

Inversely related

Speed of sound

does not change unless the medium is changed

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Major muscle of inhalation

Internal intercostals

major muscle of exhalation

TLC - total lung capacity

includes vital capacity and residual volume

IC

inspiratory capacity

FRC

functional residual capacity

VC - vital capacity

includes ERV, IRV, and TV

RV - residual volume

below - 0%

Speech breathing

10% inspiration, 90% expiration

Tidal breathing

• 40% inspiration, 60% expiration

• inhalation is active, exhalation is passive

Average rate of breathing

12 to 20 breaths per min

Deep slow breathing

most of the work is done against elastic resistance of tissues

Rapid shallow breathing

most of the work is done against airway resistance

Upper airway

almost half of airway resistance happens here

Breathing process: the lungs

• pressure drops in the lungs allowing air to flow in (lung expansion)

• increase in lung pressure allowing air to flow out (lung contraction)

Clavicular breathing

over-activation of pectoral muscles and shoulders; less use of diaphragm; emphasis on vertical expansion

Chest breathing (high breathing)

activation of abdominal muscles limits downward excursion of diaphragm; thorax engages to elevate ribs

Diaphragmatic breathing (low breathing)

• target pattern in speech and voice therapy

• abdominal distended outward, diaphragm able to flatten out

Posterior cricoarytenoid

the primary abductor of the vocal folds

COVER: Epithelium, lamina propria layers (superficial, intermediate, BODY: deep) and thyroarytenoid muscle

layers of the vocal fold in the cover-body model

Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse and oblique arytenoids

muscles that adduct the vocal folds

Biological function of the larynx

airway protection, regulation of breathing, stabilization of upper body movement, NOT phonation

Primary purpose of extrinsic laryngeal muscles

balance, adjust and stabilize the overall laryngeal position so the muscles can exert their forces properly

Muscles of the vocal folds

thyroarytenoid

Properties of air particles

not moving - sound waves come to disrupt them (compression and rarefaction)

where is airway resistance occurring

about half, upper airway

What makes a voice disorder

the person - someone having a hoarse voice is NOT always a voice disorder

Arytenoids

Glottis

True vocal folds

False vocal folds

Epiglottis

Hyoid bone

Thyrohyoid membrane

Thyroid

Cricoid

Trachea

What does the pharynx consist of

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Inverse square law

the intensity of a force changes inverse to the square of the distance from the source