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Speech science
A general term referring to voice and speech science. Includes the study of acoustics, kinematics, dynamics, aerodynamics, and psychoacoustics
Acoustics
the study of physics of sound
Kinematics
the study of motion
Dynamics
the study of the forces that cause movement
Aerodynamics
the study of the movement of air and the forces used to generate the movements
Psychoacoustics
the study of the relationship between physical properties and our perception of those properties
What is a sine wave
The wave of a simple harmonic motion; a pure tone
Characteristic of a sine wave
wavelength, frequency, period, intensity, speed, phase
Newton’s 1st law
A body in motion tends to stay in motion; a body at rest tends to stay at rest (aka law of inertia)
Lack of motion does not mean no forces (the forces may be balanced)
Newton’s 2nd law
Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of an object
F=ma
the greater the mass → the slower the acceleration
the less the mass → the faster the acceleration
Newton’s 3rd law
For every action (force) there is an equal, opposite reaction
think about vocal folds
Speech production
the process of producing a sound wave (pressure wave) that is perceptible to the human ear
Compression
the increase in density of air molecules
Rarefaction
a decrease in the density of air molecules
Wavelength
The distance over which the wave repeats itself (lambda)
is dependent on frequency λ
Frequency
the number of cycles per second
Power Spectrum
A snapshot of the energy of each frequency component of the pressure wave
Interference
when two or more waves meet
Constructive interference
when compression meets compression or rarefaction meets rarefaction
leads to reinforcement of compressions and rarefactions - wave has greater intensity
Destructive interference
compression meets rarefaction
cancellation of compressions and rarefactions - wave has weaker intensity
Complex interference (mixed)
two waves of equal frequency become out of phase with each other - not totally constructive or destructive
Fundamental frequency
the lowest frequency of a complex wave
Wavelength & Frequency
Inversely related
wavelength = c/f
ex: 120 Hz sound has wavelength of 340
340/120 = 2.8m
Period & Frequency
Period (T) = 1/F (Hz)
Inversely related
Speed of sound
does not change unless the medium is changed
Diaphragm and external intercostals
Major muscle of inhalation
Internal intercostals
major muscle of exhalation
TLC - total lung capacity
includes vital capacity and residual volume
IC
inspiratory capacity
FRC
functional residual capacity
VC - vital capacity
includes ERV, IRV, and TV
RV - residual volume
below - 0%
Speech breathing
10% inspiration, 90% expiration
Tidal breathing
40% inspiration, 60% expiration
inhalation is active, exhalation is passive
Average rate of breathing
12 to 20 breaths per min
Deep slow breathing
most of the work is done against elastic resistance of tissues
Rapid shallow breathing
most of the work is done against airway resistance
Upper airway
almost half of airway resistance happens here
Breathing process: the lungs
pressure drops in the lungs allowing air to flow in (lung expansion)
increase in lung pressure allowing air to flow out (lung contraction)
Clavicular breathing
over-activation of pectoral muscles and shoulders; less use of diaphragm; emphasis on vertical expansion
Chest breathing (high breathing)
activation of abdominal muscles limits downward excursion of diaphragm; thorax engages to elevate ribs
Diaphragmatic breathing (low breathing)
target pattern in speech and voice therapy
abdominal distended outward, diaphragm able to flatten out
Posterior cricoarytenoid
the primary abductor of the vocal folds
COVER: Epithelium, lamina propria layers (superficial, intermediate, BODY: deep) and thyroarytenoid muscle
layers of the vocal fold in the cover-body model
Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse and oblique arytenoids
muscles that adduct the vocal folds
Biological function of the larynx
airway protection, regulation of breathing, stabilization of upper body movement, NOT phonation
Primary purpose of extrinsic laryngeal muscles
balance, adjust and stabilize the overall laryngeal position so the muscles can exert their forces properly
Muscles of the vocal folds
thyroarytenoid
Properties of air particles
not moving - sound waves come to disrupt them (compression and rarefaction)
where is airway resistance occurring
about half, upper airway
What makes a voice disorder
the person - someone having a hoarse voice is NOT always a voice disorder
Arytenoids
Glottis
True vocal folds
False vocal folds
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Thyroid
Cricoid
Trachea
What does the pharynx consist of
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Inverse square law
the intensity of a force changes inverse to the square of the distance from the source
Note 
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