HLTH9

Cystic

pertaining to the bladder

Renal

pertaining to the kidney

Ureteral

pertaining to the ureter

Urethral

pertaining to urethra

Urinary

pertaining to the urine

Nephrology

Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the kidney; physician is a nephrologist

urology

Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the urinary system (and male reproductive system); physician is a urologist

Anuria

Complete suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion

Azotemia

Accumulation of nitrogenous waste in bloodstream; occurs when the kidney fails to filter these wastes from the blood

Bacteriuria

Presence of bacteria in the urine

Calculus

Stone formed within an organ by accumulation of mineral salts; found in kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra; plural is calculi

Cystalgia

Urinary bladder pain

Cystolith

bladder stone

Cystorrhagia

Abnormal bleeding from the urinary bladder

Diuresis

Increased formation and excretion of urine

Dysuria

Difficult or painful urination

Enuresis

Involuntary discharge of urine after age by which bladder control should have been established; usually occurs by age five; nocturnal enuresis refers to bed-wetting at night

Frequency

Greater-than-normal occurrence in urge to urinate, without increase in total daily volume of urine; frequency is indication of inflammation of bladder or urethra

Glycosuria

Presence of sugar in the urine

Hematuria

Presence of blood in urine

Hesitancy

Decrease in force of urine stream, often with difficulty initiating flow; often a symptom of blockage along the urethra, such as enlarged prostate gland

Ketonuria

Presence of ketones in urine; occurs when body burns fat instead of glucose for energy, such as in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus Kidney stone

Nephrolith

kidney stone

Nephromalacia

kidney is abnormally soft

Nephromegaly

kidney is enlarged

Nephrosclerosis

kidney tissue had become hardened

Nocturia

having to urinate frequently during the night

Oliguria

producing too little urine

Polyuria

producing unusually large volume of urine

Proteinuria

presence of protein in urine

Pyuria

presence of pus in urine

Renal colic

pain caused by kidney stone; can be excruciating pain and generally requires medical treatment

Stricture

narrowing of passageway in the urinary system

Uremia

accumulating of waste products (especially nitrogenous waste) in bloodstream; associated with renal failure

Ureterectasis

ureter is stretched out or dilated

Ureterolith

stone in the ureter

Ureterostenosis

ureter has become narrow

Urethralgia

urethral pain

Urethrorrhagia

abnormal bleeding from the urethra

Urethrostenosis

urethra has become narrow

Urgency

feeling need to urinate immediately

Urinary incontinence

involuntary release of urine; in some patients, indwelling catheter is inserted into the bladder for continuous urine drainage

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Damage to and potential death of the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in urine or to ischemia; results in oliguria

Diabetic nephropathy

Accumulation of damage to the glomerulus capillaries due to chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the kidney (primarily of the glomerulus); since the glomerular membrane is inflamed, it becomes more permeable and will allow protein and blood cells to enter the filtrate.

Hydronephrosis

Distention of the renal pelvis due to urine collecting in the kidney; often result of obstruction of a ureter

Nephritis

Kidney inflammation

Nephrolithiasis

Presence of calculi in the kidney; usually begins with solidification of salts present in urine

Nephroma

Kidney tumor

Nephropathy

General term describing presence of kidney disease

Nephroptosis

Downward displacement of the kidney out of its normal location; commonly called a floating kidney

Nephrotic syndrome (NS)

Damage to the glomerulus resulting in protein appearing in urine, proteinuria, and corresponding decrease in protein in bloodstream; also called nephrosis

Polycystic kidneys

Formation of multiple cysts (pouches) within kidney tissue; results in destruction of normal kidney tissue and uremia

Pyelitis

renal pelvis inflammation

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney; one of most common types of kidney disease; may be result of lower urinary tract infection that moved up to the kidney by way of the ureter; large quantities of white blood cells and bacteria in urine are possible; blood (hematuria) may even be present in urine in this condition; can occur with any untreated or persistent case of cystitis

Renal cell carcinoma

Cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells

Renal failure

Inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood, resulting in uremia; may be acute or chronic; major reason for patient being placed on dialysis

Wilms’ tumor (VILMZ)

Malignant kidney tumor found most often in children; also called nephroblastoma

Bladder cancer

Cancerous tumor that arises from cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria

Bladder neck obstruction (BNO)

Blockage of the bladder outlet; often caused by enlarged prostate gland in males

Cystitis

Urinary bladder inflammation

Cystocele

Protrusion (or herniation) of the urinary bladder into wall of the vagina

Interstitial cystitis

Disease of unknown cause in which there is inflammation and irritation of the bladder; most commonly seen in middle-aged women

Neurogenic bladder

Loss of nervous control that leads to reten-tion; may be caused by spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of the urinary system; most often begins with cystitis and may ascend into ureters and kidneys; most common in women because of shorter urethra

ACR-albumin/creatinine ratio

Screening test for persons at risk (e.g., diabet-ics) for developing kidney disease; measures amount of albumin and creatinine in urine; there is a high level of albumin in the blood, but almost none is excreted in urine; creati-nine, a waste product of muscle metabolism, is excreted into urine at a relatively constant rate; if ratio of these two substances increases, it is an early warning sign of kidney disease

BUN-blood urea nitrogen

Blood test to measure kidney function by level of nitrogenous waste (urea) in the blood

CC-clean catch specimen

Urine sample obtained after cleaning off urinary opening and catching or collecting a urine sample in midstream (halfway through urination process) to minimize contamination from genitalia

Creatinine clearance

Test of kidney function; creatinine is a waste product cleared from bloodstream by the kidneys; for this test, urine is collected for 24 hours, and amount of creatinine in urine is com. pared to amount of creatinine that remains in bloodstream

eGFR- estimated glomerular filtration rate

Test to measure kidney function; measures level of creatinine, a waste product of muscle metab-olism, in urine and uses this in a formula that estimates how well glomeruli are filtering water out of bloodstream

U/A, UA- Urinalysis

Laboratory test consisting of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine

Urine culture and sensitivity

Laboratory test of urine for bacterial infection; attempt to grow bacteria on culture medium in order to identify it and determine to which antibiotics it is sensitive

Urinometer

Instrument to measure specific gravity of urine; part of urinalysis

Cystogram

x-ray record of urinary bladder

Cystography

Process of instilling contrast material or dye into the bladder by catheter to visualize the urinary bladder on X-ray

EU-excretory urography

Injecting dye into bloodstream and then taking X-ray to trace action of the kidney as it excretes dye in the urine

IVP-intravenous pyelography

Diagnostic X-ray procedure in which dye is injected into a vein and then X-rays are taken to visualize the renal pelvis as dye is removed by the kidney

KUB-kidneys, ureters, bladder

X-ray taken of the abdomen demonstrating kidneys, ureters, and bladder without using any contrast dye; also called flat-plate abdomen

Nephrogram

X-ray record of the kidney

Pyelogram

X-ray record of the renal pelvis

RP-retrograde pyelography

Diagnostic X-ray procedure in which dye is inserted through the urethra to outline bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis

VCUG- Voiding cystourethrography

X-ray taken to visualize the urethra while patient is voiding after contrast dye is placed in the bladder

Cystoscope

Instrument used to visually examine inside of the urinary bladder

Cystoscopy

Visual examination of the urinary bladder using instrument called cystoscope

Urethroscope

Instrument to visually examine inside of the urethra

catheterization

Insertion of tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for purpose of withdrawing urine or inserting dye

ESWL-extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

Use of ultrasound waves from outside the body to break up stones; process does not require invasive surgery

HD hemodialysis

Use of artificial kidney machine that filters the blood of a person to remove waste products; use of this technique in patients who have defective kidneys is lifesaving

Peritoneal dialysis

Removal of toxic waste substances from body by placing warm, chemically balanced solutions into peritoneal cavity; wastes are filtered out of blood across peritoneum; used in treating renal failure and certain poisonings

Cystectomy

surgical removal of urinary bladder

Cystopexy

surgical fixation of the urinary bladder; performed to correct cystocele

Cystoplasty

To repair a defect in the urinary bladder by surgical means

Cystostomy

To surgically create opening into the urinary bladder through the abdominal wall

Cystotomy

to cut into the urinary bladder

Lithotomy

to cut into an organ for purpose of removing a stone

Lithotripsy

Physical destruction of a stone in urinary system by crushing or sound waves

Meatotomy

To cut into the meatus in order to enlarge opening of the urethra

Nephrectomy

Surgical removal of a kidney

Nephrolithotomy

to cut into kidney in order to remove stones

Nephropexy

surgical fixation of a kidney to anchor it in its normal anatomical position