Ap Human Geography - Unit 6 Vocab

Urbanization

the process of developing towns and cities

site

describes the characteristics at the immediate location

city-state

Consisted of an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages

micropolitan statistical area

cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000), the county in which they are located and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration

Borchert's transportation model

Developed by John Borchert to describe urban growth based on transportation technology

Suburbanization

The process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities.

BoomBurbs

rapidly growing communities (over 10 percent per 10 years), have a total population of over 100,000 people, and are not the largest city in the metro area

edge cities

Are nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities.

Megalopolis

a chain of connected cities

Conurbation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

exurbs

communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status

Deurbanization

decrease in the urban population as a result of economic or social changes

World Cities

cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries. Example: New York, Tokyo, Paris

Urban hierarchy

A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions.

rank size rule

describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop

Primate city

if the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city, the largest city is said to have primacy

Gravity model

The larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther from each other.

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

threshold

the size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

Range

the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services

High order services

Usually expensive need a large number of people to support, and are only occasionally utilized. EXAMPLE: Major sport teams, Large malls, Luxury car dealerships

low order services

Usually less expensive than high order services, require a small population to support and are used on a daily or weekly basis.
EXAMPLE: Gas station, Local grocery store, small restaurants.

Hexagonal Hinterlands

Nesting hexagons allowed for central places of different sizes to distribute themselves in a clean pattern across a region. (Christaller)

Hoyt Sector Model

This model was created by economist by Homer Hoyt. Describes how different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in a city history, each grew outward as the city expanded, creating wedges, or sectors of land use rather than rings.

Multiple Nuclei Model

This model studies changes in cities in the 1940s. This model suggested that functional donation occurred around multiple centers, or nodes.

Galatic City Model

the city model which likely represents most southern American cities where the city center is less significant

Squatter Settlement

The periphery of cities often consists of densely populated informal settlements. These place often lack sufficient public serivices such electricity, water, and sewage.

Disamenity Zones

areas not connected to city services and under the control of criminals.

traditional CBD

This CBD existed before European colonization, has small shops clustered along narrow, twisting streets. It includes the formal economy - permanent stores with full-time jobs that comply with local regulations and set wages.

Colonial CBD

has broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers

Latin American City Model

Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets. The poorest are on the outer edge.

Southeastern Asia city model

This model describes the lands use of many large cities in Southeast Asia, where the focus of the modern city is often a former colonial port zone. This export-oriented zone shares commercial uses similar to the CBD in North American cities.

Infilling/Urban Infill

This is very common in communities today, they use this to reduce urban sprawl on the outer edges of the city. ________ Is the process of increasing residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing with residences.

Zoning Ordinance

These are regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used.

infrastructure

the facilities or equipment required for an organization or community to function, including roads, sewage and power systems, and transportation

Municipal

the local government of a city or town and the services it provides

municipality

refers to a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

sustanbility

Using the earths resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment.

GreenBelts

areas of undeveloped land around an urban area, have been created limit a city growth and preserve farmland.

new urban design

put smart growth into action within communities

mixed-use development

Development that combines both residential and commercial land into one. Example; Avalon

Smart Growth Polices

a set of policies to preserve farmland and other open, undeveloped spaces near a city. under the principles of smart growth, cities are allowed to annex land only in areas specifically designated by laws.

Slow Growth Polices

Adopt Polices to slow outward spread of urban areas and place limits on buildings permits in order to encourage a denser, more compact city.

Qualitative

relating to, measuring, or measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity.

Quantitative

Data that is in numbers

Redlining

the process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

Inclusionary zoning

Pratices that offer incentives for developers to set aside a percentage of housing for low-income renters or buyers.

Zones of ab

are areas of a city that have been deserted by their owners for either economic or environmental reasons

urban red

This policy allowed governments to clear out the blighted inner-city slums, which usually displaced the residents to low income government housing.

Eminent domain

Allows the government to claim private- property from individuals.

Gentri

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

informal settle

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Suburban sprawl

- spread of suburbs away from the core city

Ecological footprints

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

Brownfields

contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded

Urban dev

the process of renovating an area of a city, often by completely destroying dilapidated structures and rebuilding on the site

situation

The location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places

metropolitan statistical area

An MSA consists of a city of at least 50,000 people, The county in which it is located and adjacent counties that have high degree of social and economic integration, or connection, with the urban core

Megacities

cities with more than 10 million people

metacities

A new term used to describe cities that have 20 million or more people

Concentric Zone Model

A City as a series of rings that surrounds a central business district

African City Model

model that suggests that African cities have more than one CBD, which is a remanence of colonialism

urban planning

A process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use.