Materials and their Properties

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What is strength?

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1

What is strength?

The ability of a materials to withstand a force or load that is applied to it.

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2

What are some forces that could be applied to a material?

  • Tension

  • Compression

  • Torsion

  • Bending

  • Shear (like the action a scissors)

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3

What is elasticity?

The ability of a material to return to its original shape when a force on it is removed.

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4

What is ductility?

The amount that a material can be permanently stretched or deformed when a force is applied.

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5

What is malleability?

The ability of a material for its shape to be permanently changed without breaking

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6

What is hardness?

The ability of a material to resist wear or being scratched.

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7

What is toughness?

The ability of a material to not break when a force is applied to it suddenly. AKA impact resistance.

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8

What is thermal conductivity?

The ability of a material to allow heat to pass through it.

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9

What is absorbency?

The ability of a material to draw in moisture

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10

What is fusibility?

The ability of a material to be changed from a solid to a liquid by heat. E.g. interfacing

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11

What are some different types of paper?

  • Layout and tracing paper

    • Relatively hard and translucent

  • Cartridge paper

    • Tough and lightly textured

  • Grid paper

    • Printed squares and isometric grids

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12

What are some types of boards?

  • Corrugated cardboard

    • Fluted inner adds strength & low cost

  • Duplex board (carton)

    • Tough, slightly textured & additives to prevent moisture/absorbance

  • Foil-lined board

    • Aluminium foil laminated to one side

  • Foam core board

    • Paper surfaces covering polystyrene core

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13

What are some types of cards?

  • Solid white board

    • Strong, high-quality and made from pure bleached wood pulp

  • Inkjet card

    • Strong card, high quality forms are coated

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14

What is the weight of standard printer paper?

80 gsm (grams per square meter)

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15

How is paper/card made?

Cellulose fibres are derived from wood and grasses. Chemicals are added for texture and surface finish.

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16

What happens to wood at the end of its usable life?

Can be burnt but if it ends up in landfill it’s biodegradable

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17

What are some hardwoods?

  • Oak

    • Strong and hard, open-grained, used in high quality furniture

  • Mahogany

    • Fairly strong and durable, used in high quality furniture

  • Balsa

    • Soft, off-white to tan colour, used in modelling

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18

What are hardwoods?

Woods that come from deciduous trees and shed their leaves each autumn. They grow slower and have a closer grain

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19

What are softwoods?

Woods that come from coniferous trees. They usually grow faster and have a more open grain.

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20

What are some examples of softwoods?

  • Pine

    • Strong and durable, easy to work with, used in construction and furniture

  • Larch

    • Tough, water resistant, durable, used in boats and exterior cladding

  • Spruce

    • Strong and hard, low resistance to decay, used in construction and wooden aircraft frames

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21

What is wood seasoning?

When wood is dried before use to remove moisture, either in air or by gentle heating in a kiln. This makes the wood less likely to distort/warp.

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22

How are manufactured boards made?

By gluing wood fibres or veneers together. These fibres can be waste materials from the cutting of natural timber.

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23

Why are the properties of manufactured boards usually uniform?

There’s no grain.

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24

What could be used as the top layer of a manufactured board?

A veneer from a high-quality wood for aesthetic purposes or a plastic laminate for protection.

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25

What are some manufactured boards?

  • Medium-density fibreboard (MDF)

    • Made from fine particle of timber mixed with bonding agent, used in furniture

  • (Marine) Plywood

    • Made from layers of veneers or plies, used in furniture and boat building

  • Chipboard

    • Made from chips of timber mixed with a bonding agent, used in kitchens

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26

What are some ferrous materials?

  • Low-carbon steel

    • tough, low cost, prone to corrosion

  • Cast iron

    • good hardness and compressive strength

  • High-carbon steel

    • Very strong and hard

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27

What are some non ferrous materials?

  • Aluminium

    • lighter than steel, not as strong

  • Copper

    • excellent conductor

  • Tin

    • malleable, good corrosion resistance

  • Zinc

    • hard and brittle, relatively low boiling point

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28

What are some alloys?

  • Brass

    • made of copper and zinc, corrosion resistant and malleable

  • Stainless steel

    • iron and chromium, tough, strong and hard

  • High-speed steel

    • iron with some carbon, tungsten and chromium, very hard, strong but brittle

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29

What are some thermoforming polymers?

  • PET, used for drinks bottles and food packaging

  • HDPE, used in bowls and buckets

  • PVC, used in packaging and chemical tanks

  • HIPS, used in packaging

  • PP, used in ropes and carpets

  • PMMA, used in display signs and baths

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30

What are some thermosetting polymers?

  • Epoxy resin, used in PCBs and adhesives

  • Polyester resin, used in car bodies and boats

  • Urea formaldehyde, used in plug sockets

  • Melamine formaldehyde, used in laminates for kitchen worktops

  • Phenol formaldehyde, used in lab countertops

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31

What are knitted fabrics made from?

Yarns in a series of interlocking loops.

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32

How are woven fabrics constructed?

They’re constructed from interlaced yarns

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33

What is a selvedge?

An edge that won’t fray

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34

What are non-woven fabrics made from?

Entangled raw fibres

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35

How are non-woven fabrics made?

By using chemicals to mat the fibres together, with heat to bond the fibres or by stitching the fibres in layers

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36

What do natural fibres come from?

Animals fibres: wool, silk, angora, mohair, cashmere
Plant fibres: cotton, linen, jute, hemp

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37

What are synthetic fibres made by?

People, typically from oil or chemicals

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38

What are some examples of natural fibres?

  • Cotton

    • From ripened seeds of cotton plants, strong, durable and used in denim

  • Wool

    • Fibre from sheep, warm, soft, absorbent and used in carpets

  • Silk

    • Fibre from cocoon of the silk moth, strong, lustrous and used in dresses

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39

What are some examples of synthetic fibres?

  • Polyamide (nylon)

    • From two different monomers, strong, durable, warm and used in sportswear

  • Polyester

    • From coal and oil, strong, durable, elastic and used in sportswear

  • Elastane (lycra)

    • From polyurethane chemical, high stretch, improves comfort and used in sportswear

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40

What is a blended fibre? Give an example.

Uses a mixture of different types of fibre, E.g. polycotton which has the absorbency of cotton and the quick-drying properties of other fabrics

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41

What are some stock forms of textiles?

Roll size, width, weight and ply

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42

How can waste be minimised when cutting out patterns from textiles?

Consider the layout of the pattern

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43

What are metal foams?

Made from metal containing gas-filled pores. Have the physical properties of a metal but are 75% to 95% lighter. Used in sound damping.

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44

What are the properties of graphene?

Form of carbon and is just one atom thick. About 200 times stronger than steel. Conduct heat and electricity.

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45

What are some uses of graphene?

Solar cells, touch panels and smart windows

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46

What are nanomaterials? What do they do?

Materials made up of particles that are less than 100nm in size. Nanomaterial coatings for glass/fabrics can repel dirt or water giving self-cleaning properties

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47

What are smart materials?

When a material has a property that changes in response to an external stimulus.

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48

What do thermochromic pigments do?

Change colour in response to temperature

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49

What do photochromic pigments do?

Change colour in response to light levels

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50

What are composites?

Materials that combine the properties of two or more materials

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51

What are some examples of composites?

  • Glass-reinforced polyester and fibre glass, used in car body building and repair

  • Carbon-reinforced polyester, used to make tent poles and high-performance bicycles

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52

What are technical textiles?

Textiles manufactured for performance properties rather than visual appearance.

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53

What are some examples of technical textiles?

  • Kevlar in body armour to protect from injury

  • Fire-resistant fabric used in clothing worn by firefighters

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54

What are conductive fibres?

Allow circuits to be incorporated into fabrics. This can be used to make temperature controlled clothing or to integrate lights into emergency clothing.

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55

What do microfibres incorporate?

Micro-encapsulation e.g. woven polyester with tiny capsules embedded into the fibre. Used for anti-bacterial medical fabrics.

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56

What are the benefits of using standard components?

  • Buy materials in bulk (purchasing e.o.s)

  • Divide equipment cost across millions of parts

  • Automate the process

  • Use labour efficiently

  • Ensure the consistency of products is maintained

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57

What are types of standard components

  • Clips

  • Hinges

  • Brackets

  • nails

  • Zips

  • Buttons

  • Velcro

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58

How can timbers be finished?

  • Painting using oil, water or solvent-based paints

  • Varnishing

  • Tanalising (using a pressure treatment to preserve wood)

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59

How can textiles be finished?

  • Block and screen printing

  • Can be dyed by hand or by machine

  • Stain-resistant finishes can also be applied

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60

How can papers and boards be finished?

  • Printing using screen or block printing

  • Embossing (steel dies are used to press a shape into the material)

  • Ultraviolet varnishing to apply a glossy coating

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