period 5

Expansionist Foreign Policy

U.S. strategy to acquire territories abroad.

Western Hemisphere

Region including North and South America.

Economic Interests

Financial motivations driving territorial acquisition.

Security Interests

Concerns for national safety influencing expansion.

Substantial Migration

Large-scale movement of people westward.

Overseas Initiatives

Efforts to engage with foreign territories.

Texas Revolution

Conflict leading to Texas independence from Mexico.

Sam Houston

Leader of Texan forces during Texas Revolution.

Aroostook War

Lumbermen conflict on Maine-Canadian border.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Resolved Aroostook War, split disputed territory.

Oregon Trail

Route taken by settlers to Oregon territory.

Oregon Fever

Mass migration to Oregon due to farming success.

49th Parallel

Boundary dividing Oregon territory between US and Britain.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended Mexican-American War, defined Texas border.

Rio Grande

Recognized as Texas's southern border by Mexico.

Gadsden Purchase

Mexico sold land to US, enhancing southern borders.

Preemption Acts

Allowed squatters to purchase public lands cheaply.

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California after gold discovery in 1848.

Mining Boom

Increased population in western territories due to mining.

Industrialization

Spread of factories producing diverse goods post-1840.

Sewing Machine

Elias Howe's invention revolutionized clothing production.

Electric Telegraph

Invention in 1844 that improved communication speed.

Railroads

Became the largest industry in the US by 1850.

Illinois Central Railroad

Federal land grant for railroad construction in 1850.

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn affecting Northern farmers, not South.

Stephen Kearney

General who captured Santa Fe during Mexican War.

Winfield Scott

Led US forces to capture Mexico City in 1847.

California Population Growth

Increased to 380,000 by 1860 due to migration.

Chinese Miners

One-third of miners in the West were Chinese.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposal to ban slavery in new territories.

Ostend Manifesto

Diplomatic attempt to purchase Cuba from Spain.

Walker Expedition

William Walker's proslavery mission in Central America.

Fugitive Slave Laws

Laws allowing capture of escaped slaves in North.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Novel depicting the brutality of slavery.

Southern ideology

View of slavery as a 'positive good'.

Bleeding Kansas

Violence between proslavery and antislavery factions.

Emigrant Aid Company

Funded transportation for antislavery settlers to Kansas.

John Brown

Abolitionist who led violent anti-slavery actions.

Harper's Ferry Raid

Attempted slave revolt led by John Brown.

Proslavery forces

Groups supporting slavery, often resorting to violence.

Antislavery literature

Writings promoting the abolition of slavery.

Secession of Southern states

Withdrawal from the Union following the 1860 election.

Franklin Pierce

1852 president with pro-Southern policies.

Cuban acquisition

Southern desire for expansion into Cuba.

Political discussion

Debates over slavery dominated 1850s politics.

Abolitionists

Activists advocating for the end of slavery.

Popular sovereignty

Allowing territories to decide on slavery.

Antislavery Northerners

Opponents of slavery in the Northern states.

Southern plot

Northerners' belief in a conspiracy to expand slavery.

Cultural divisions

Differences in values between North and South.

Free-Soil Party

Opposed slavery's expansion, advocated for free homesteads.

Popular Sovereignty

Settlers decide on slavery in new territories.

Compromise of 1850

Attempted to resolve slavery disputes in the West.

Fugitive Slave Laws

Required return of escaped slaves to owners.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed territories to decide on slavery, repealed Missouri Compromise.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court ruled slaves were property, not citizens.

Republican Party Formation

Founded in 1854 to oppose slavery's spread.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Debates that elevated Lincoln as a national figure.

Crittenden Compromise

Proposed amendment to protect slavery south of 36th parallel.

Election of 1860

Divided Democrats; Lincoln's election led to secession.

Constitutional Union Party

Aimed to preserve the Union amid rising tensions.

Southern Secession

Deep South states seceded after Lincoln's election.

Confederate States of America

Formed by seceding states, limited government powers.

Missouri Compromise

Attempted to balance slave and free states.

California's Statehood

Admitted as a free state in the Compromise of 1850.

Texas Public Debt

Texas debt assumed in exchange for land disputes.

Southern Democratic Platform

Called for unrestricted slavery expansion and Cuba annexation.

Northern Democrats

Opposed slavery expansion, faced division over tensions.

Whig Party Collapse

Divided over slavery, leading to its dissolution.

American Party

Opposed immigration and Catholic influence in politics.

Union Victory in Civil War

Settled slavery issues, raised federal power questions.

Electoral Votes in 1860

Free states had enough votes to elect president.

Violence in Kansas

Increased tensions, led to more Republican support.

Union Victory Factors

Manpower, resources, leadership, and emancipation led to success.

Fort Sumter

First battle that united Northerners for the Union.

Lincoln's War Powers

Authorized spending, called for volunteers, suspended habeas corpus.

Border States Importance

Key to keeping the Union intact during the war.

Southern Population Gain

50% increase if border states joined Confederacy.

Initial Emancipation Stance

Lincoln initially rejected calls for emancipation.

Cotton Diplomacy Failure

South's reliance on cotton did not secure foreign aid.

Emancipation Proclamation

Shifted Union war goals towards ending slavery.

Confiscation Act

Allowed freed slaves to enlist in Union army.

Union Army Composition

180,000 African Americans joined during critical war years.

Union Advantages

Larger population, factories, railroads, and farmland.

Union Strategy

Blockade ports, control Mississippi, train large army.

Battle of Antietam

Union victory that led to Emancipation Proclamation.

Turning Point Battles

Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg shifted momentum.

Reconstruction Goals

Reconstruct Southern states with unionist leadership.

10% Plan

Lenient approach for Southern states to rejoin Union.

Wade-Davis Bill

Required 50% loyalty oath for Southern state reentry.

Freedmen's Bureau

Early welfare agency for freed people and education.

Black Codes

Restricted rights and movements of former slaves.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Declared all African Americans as US citizens.

14th Amendment

Defined citizenship and protected rights of citizens.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Divided South into military districts for control.

15th Amendment

Established universal male suffrage in the US.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Mandated equal accommodations, poorly enforced.

Sharecropping

New economic system resembling servitude for freedmen.