Bio review

What is the main difference between Genetic Maps and Physical Maps?

Genetic maps identify relative location of an allele, while physical maps identify the exact location of an allele.

What is a transgene?

An inserted foreign gene inferring new and hopefully improved functions.

What term describes a cell capable of expressing all its genes very early in development?

Totipotent.

What are the rapid cell divisions in early development called?

Cleavage.

How does pattern formation relate to morphogenesis?

Pattern formation is differentiation of cells/the blue print of the organism and morphogenesis is the growth and migration of cells to take the form of the organism.

What happens if significant genetic variation is lost in an isolated population?

A genetic bottleneck effect.

What are the three conditions for evolution by natural selection?

Phenotypic variation, variation affects survival, variation is heritable.

What is fitness in evolutionary terms?

The one phenotype that leads to survival.

How do evolutionary forces interact?

Stabilizing Selection eliminates extremes, so 'fastest' or 'slowest' may not be 'fittest'.

What is a Synapomorphy?

A derived character shared by the clade including all mammals.

What conditions must be met for evolution leading to speciation?

Phenotypic variation, heritable variation affects survival, subspecies are isolated for many generations.

What example shows two species adapted to their environment and eliminating hybrids by natural selection?

An ecological species.

What does fossil evidence 3.2-3.8 billion years ago indicate?

First evidence of life on Earth.

What period began after the last major ice age?

The Holocene epoch.

If studying evolutionary relationships between dessert mammals, what is your field?

Systematics.

What is used to cut genes in recombinant DNA research?

Restriction endonucleases.

What process designs organisms that contain genes from other species?

Transgenics.

What defines a localized group of the same species?

Population.

What is one generalization of cell theory?

New cells arise from preexisting cells.

Which organelle is part of the endomembrane system?

Golgi apparatus.

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

A nucleus in eukaryotic... prokaryotic.

Which organelle synthesizes oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

What is a common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane system?

Rough ER > vesicles > Golgi > plasma membrane.

Which organelles contain DNA?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

What is the attraction between water molecules?

A hydrogen bond.

Which bond occurs between the H of one water molecule and the O of another?

A hydrogen bond.

What property allows water to be transported against gravity in plants?

Cohesion.

What function does ice floating in water serve?

Hydrogen bonds keep the molecules of ice farther apart than in liquid water.

What occurs when the pH of a solution decreases from 7 to 6?

Concentration of H has increased one exponential power of 10.

What summarizes the relationship between dehydration and hydrolysis?

Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis breaks them down.

What varies among the 20 different amino acids?

Side chains (R groups).

What describes breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

Catabolism.

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

What does dideoxynucleotides' lack of a hydroxyl at the 3' carbon signify?

The lack of the hydroxyl stops the formation of a diester bond with the next nucleotide.

What process proceeds whether O2 is present or absent?

Glycolysis.

What are the end products of glycolysis in addition to ATP?

NADH and pyruvate.

What is not a function of the Krebs cycle?

Adding electrons and protons to oxygen to form water.

Where do the oxygen atoms in H2O during oxidative phosphorylation come from?

Molecular oxygen (breathed in).

What is the electron pathway during aerobic respiration?

Food > NADH > electron transport chain > oxygen.

What describes organisms existing on light and inorganic carbon?

Photoautotrophs.

What happens after haploid gametes fuse in eukaryote heterotrophs?

Fertilization leads to mitosis.

What is the function of a hormone acting as a signal?

Leads to signal transduction with a cell response.

What is observable during prometaphase of mitosis in animal cells?

The nuclear envelope disappears.

What supports the Calvin cycle from light dependent reactions?

ATP and NADPH.

What is true about a compound containing several charged hydroxyl groups?

It should dissolve in water.

If there are 20 centromeres in a cell, how many chromosomes are there?

What process occurs during mitosis?

The condensing of chromosomes.

What does taxol affect in animal cells?

The fibers of the mitotic spindle.

Which statement about bacterial chromosomes is false?

Its centromeres uncouple during replication.

Which statement is true regarding human genetics?

At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis.

What results in recombinant chromosomes?

Crossing-over.

What did Gregor Mendel conclude from his experiments?

Traits are inherited in discrete units, not by blending.

What are alleles?

Alternative forms of a gene.

What was Mendel's law of independent assortment based on?

Meiosis.

Who inherits an X-linked allele from a carrier father?

All of his daughters.

How can the one gene-one enzyme concept be restated?

A given sequence of DNA nucleotides contains the information to synthesize a gene product.

What is a similarity between mRNA and DNA?

Nucleotides consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base.

What is not directly related to DNA transcription?

Okazaki fragments.

What is not involved in translation?

DNA.

What is true about eubacteria?

They are classified as prokaryotes.

Which is not characteristic of all living things?

Inability to maintain metabolic homeostasis.

What do homeotic genes indicate?

They arose early in the evolutionary history of animals.

What signals travel through blood to bind cell membranes?

Endocrine signals.

What does reverse transcriptase do in retroviruses?

Uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis in the host cell.

What stage is lacking in early embryo cells compared to somatic cells?

G1 and G2.

How does natural selection affect allele frequency?

The allele frequency of a population.

What primarily contributes to genetic diversity in a bacterial colony?

Mutation and transformation.

What does the operon model explain?

The control mechanism of gene expression in bacteria.

Why are plasmids important in biotechnology?

They are a vehicle (vector) for inserting recombinant DNA into bacteria.

What happens in a bacterial cell without restriction enzymes?

The cell would be easily infected and not well able to defend itself from bacteriophages.

What is the function of restriction enzymes?

Cleaves nucleic acids at specific sites.

What does the restriction enzyme do when constructing hybrid molecules?

Opening DNA molecules at specific sites, leaving sticky ends exposed.

What two enzymes are needed to produce recombinant DNA?

Restriction enzyme and ligase.

What defines a cloning vector?

An agent used to transfer DNA from an in vitro solution into a living cell.

What is false about probes?

Shorter probes adhere to more fragments than do longer probes.

What identifies specific fragments after gel electrophoresis?

A nucleic acid probe.

What technique tests for allele variants in cloned genes?

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis.

What makes bacteria difficult to express cloned eukaryotic genes?

Eukaryotic genes contain introns.

What is the principal problem of inserting unmodified mammalian genes into bacteria?

Bacteria cannot remove eukaryotic introns.

How can exons for genetic engineering be known?

Using reverse transcriptase to reconstruct the gene from its processed mRNA.

What contains specific DNA fragments in a genomic library?

Recombinant plasmids of bacteria.

What can PCR amplify DNA from?

All of the above.

How are restriction fragments separated from one another?

Gel electrophoresis.

What does independent assortment refer to?

The random arrangement of chromosomal tetrads at metaphase I.

Why were proteins initially believed to be genetic material?

Proteins have a greater variety of three-dimensional forms than does DNA.

What does the lac regulatory system do in bacteria?

Producing enzymes to digest lactase all the time may reduce bacterial fitness.

What is the role of DNA replication?

Produce exact replicas of the parent DNA with little to no mutation.