Male & Female Reproductive 2402

What happens during meiosis I?

- Homologous chromosomes separate **

- Reduces the diploid cell to haploid

Know the sequence of meiosis I:

1.) Prophase 1
2.) Metaphase 1
3.) Anaphase 1
4.) Telophase 1

- PMAT

What is synapsis?

- Pairing of homologous chromosomes

What phase does synapsis occur?

- Prophase 1

At the end of meiosis I, how many chromosomes are present?

- 23 chromosomes

Number of possible chromosome combinations in a gamete of a human?

- 8 million (8,000,000)

What is the gubernaculum?

- Fibrous cord that is attached to each developing testis

What is the function of the gubernaculum?

- Helps guide the descent of the testes **

- Passes through the inguinal canal **

Seminiferous tubules are lined with what specific type of cells?

- Stratified cuboidal epithelium

- Contains sustentacular cells **

- Includes spermatogenic cell (sperm cells)

1 primary spermatocyte will produce how many sperm cells?

- 4 sperms for each primary spermatocyte

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

- Throughout the development of spermatogenic cells:

~ Support

~ Nourish

~ Regulate

What is a vasectomy and how does it act as birth control?

- Removing, cutting, and tying a small section of ductus deferens

- Prevents sperm cells from leaving epididymis

List the parts of the sperm cell and describe each.

- Head: nucleus; acrosome (helps penetrate oocyte/egg)

- Midpiece: mitochondria (allow sperm to swim)

- Tail: Uses midpiece (ATP of mitochondria/midpiece) to propel around

Does the male or female have a prostate gland?

- Males

How many prostate glands are present?

- 1 ONLY

What type of fluid is secreted by the bulbourethral glands secrete?

- Mucus-like fluid

What is the function of bulbouretheral glands?

- Lubricates the end of the penis in preparation for sexual intercourse

What does seminal fluid contain?

- Nutrients (fructose)

- Prostaglandins

Number of sperm cells in an ejaculate.

- 120 million per mL

What is circumcision?

- Surgical procedure that removes the prepuce (covering) from the glans penis

What are some causes of erectile dysfunction?

- Diabetes mellitus **

- Paralysis

- Prostate surgery

- Certain drugs

- Alcohol consumption

- Cigarette smoking

The epididymis transports sperm from the ____________ to the ____________?

- Rec Testes to the Ductus (Vas) Deferens

The ductus deferens transports sperm to the ____________?

- Ejaculatory duct

What occurs in the epididymis?

- Maturing of sperm cells

What is spermatogonia?

- Undifferentiated spermatogenic cells

What glands expel the first fluid during ejaculation?

- Bulbourethral glands

- Lubrication

How many lobules in the testes?

- 250 lobules

How many tubules are in the lobules?

- 1 to 4 tubules per lobule

Which neurotransmitter causes vasodilation?

- Nitric oxide

-Dilates arteries in erectile tissue (penis/vagina)

Do you think an erection would be controlled by the parasympathetic or sympathetic system?

- Parasympathetic

Male reproductive functions are controlled by hormones secreted by what structures?

- Hypothalamus

- Anterior pituitary

- Testes

What hormone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics?

- Testosterone

What body fluids would be needed to study testosterone?

- Blood

- Urine

List some male secondary characteristics.

** - Increased growth of body hair

** - Growth on the scalp may slow

** - Deeper Voice (enlargement of larynx & thickening of vocal cords)

** - Thickening of the skin

** - Increased muscular growth

** - Thickening and stretching of bones

** - Increased rate of RBC production

** - Increased cellular metabolism

- Broader shoulders

- Narrower waist

What are androgens?

- Male sex hormones

Where are androgens produced?

- MAJORITY in interstitial cells of the testes

- FEW in the adrenal cortex

Which hormones control the release of testosterone?

- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

- ISCH (Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone)

- Same thing**

Why is the hormone FSH important? (MALE)

- Stimulates sustentacular cells of testes

- Mature and respond to effects of testosterone

- In presence of FSH, testosterone, and sustentacular cells will stimulate spermatogenesis which give rise to sperm cells

How would you describe the size of the prostate gland?

- Walnut
- Chestnut

Why is it important for the testes to descend?

- Can cause infertility if not descended correctly

What happens to the penis (internally) when an erection take place? I want to know what is happening physiologically-not the physical appearance.

- Parasympathetic impulses

- Release vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) which causes vasodilation of arteries (in penis).

- Increasing blood flow (+ veins constrict) into erectile tissues

What are the regions of the uterus?

- Fundus (dome-shaped top)

- Body (upper ⅔)

- Cervix (lower ⅓); extends to vaginal canal **

What is a secondary oocyte?

- Ovum (egg cell) that may be fertilized by sperm

Why would a woman have a pap smear?

- Detect variants of HPV (human papillomavirus)

- CAN cause cervical cancer

-If HPV+, there is a high risk of cervical cancer

What is the zona pellucida?

- Layer of glycoprotein that forms between primary oocyte and granulose cells

Where is the location of the uterine tube?

- Between uterus and ovaries

Where does fertilization take place?

- Uterine (Fallopian) tubes **

- Ectopic pregnancy is fatal due to the fetus growing in the fallopian tubes (bursting of uterine tubes as the fetus develops)

What is the labia minora?

- Minor part of labia that protects urethral & vaginal opening

- Skin that forms around clitoris tissue **

What are the layers of the uterine wall? (list from inner to outer)

- Endometrium (inner mucosa layer)

- Myometrium (middle muscular layer)

- Perimetrium (outer serosal layer)

What does the primary oocyte divide into?

- Large secondary oocyte

- Small first polar body

What is the function of polar bodies?

- Allow for formation of egg cell w/ large amounts of cytoplasm & organelles

- Supports zygote through the first cell division, ensuring enough organelles & nutrients **

Which female structure is analogous to the male penis?

- Clitoris

Look at a sagittal view of the female reproductive system. Which structure is anterior to the vagina?

- Urethra

Why does menopause occur?

- Less estrogen

- Less progesterone

- Ovaries are aging

- Secondary sex characteristics decrease

Why is estrogen important-what role does it have in a female body?

- Maintain secondary sex characteristics which are important for childbearing:
~ Breast & mammary glands
~ Duct enlargements
~ Increase adipose tissue in breast & buttocks
~ Increase vascularity of skin

- Cause endometrium to thicken (preparation of environment for baby)

- Enlargement of accessory reproductive organs

What is ovulation?

- Release of an oocyte from a mature ovarian follicle

- Stimulated by LH

Where is LH released from?

- Anterior pituitary gland

What role does LH play in the female body?

- Triggers ovulation (menstrual cycle) **

- Endometrium weakens & ruptures

- Follicle fluid, wall, and secondary oocyte is released from ovary's surface

What happens to specific hormones during menopause?

- Decreased estrogen

- Decreased progesterone

- FSH & LH are slightly increased

What might happen to the secondary sex characteristics during menopause?

- Breast, vagina, uterus, & uterine tubes may shrink

- Pubic, axillary, scalp hair may thin

What happens to hormones in an athlete?

- Lower GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) from hypothalamus

- Lower blood estrogen levels

- Affects fertility (child development)

What do the hormones estrogen and progesterone do in the reproductive cycle?

- Help thicken uterus wall

- Endometrium becomes more granular & vascular (more enriched in blood vessels)

- Helps develop the fetus

* THINK OF UTERUS WALL AND FETUS *

What treatment can be used to limit the symptoms of menopause?

- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) **

- Specifically: Estrogen Therapy **

- Treatment for hormonal changes/menopausal hot flashes

How many lobes does a mammary gland contain?

- 15 to 20 lobes

Each mammary gland lobe contains what glands?

- Alveolar glands

What duct do the mammary gland lobes drain into?

- Alveolar ducts

Where does the alveolar duct drain into?

- Lactiferous duct

- Leads to nipple, which opens to the outside

The drainage of the mammary gland occurs in the following sequence:

1.) Alveolar glands

2.) Alveolar ducts

3.) Lactiferous ducts

What synthetic chemicals are most commonly found in combined hormonal contraceptives?

- Estrogen

- Progestin

What are examples of chemical barriers used as birth control?

- Creams

- Foams

- Jellies

- Chemical barriers consist of spermicidal properties (kills off sperms)

What are examples of mechanical barriers used as birth control?

- Male & female condoms

- Prevent semen (+ sperms) to enter vagina

What are some side effects of oral contraceptives?

- Minor side effects:
~ Nausea **

~ Retention of body fluids **

~ Increased skin pigmentation **

~ Breast tenderness **

~ Menstrual changes


- Major side effects:
~ Increased risk of blood clots **

~ Development of liver disorders

~ High BP (blood pressure)

What is anovulation?

- Inability to ovulate (have menstrual periods)

What would cause anovulation as it pertains to infertility?

- Hyposecretion of gonadotropic hormones (LH & FSH) from anterior pituitary gland

What are androgens?

- Male sex hormones

- Prevent over secretion of GnRH & LH

How do you think an overproduction of androgens would affect the female body?

- Irregular periods

- Deeping of voice

- Receding hairline

- Facial/body hair growth increase

- Tumors may occur

What are the hormones of the female body?

- GnRH

- FSH

- LH

- Estrogen

- Progesterone

What is the function of GnRH? (FEMALE)

- From hypothalamus

- Stimulates release of FSH & LH from anterior pituitary

What is the function of FSH? (FEMALE)

- Stimulates maturation of primordial follicles

- Primary oocytes to secondary oocytes

What is the function of LH? (FEMALE)

- Stimulate ovulation

- Release of secondary oocyte

What is the function of estrogen? (FEMALE)

- Controls the development of secondary sex characteristics **

- Enlargement of reproductive organs (i.e.- vagina, uterine tubes, ovaries, etc.)

- Thickening endometrium

What is the function of progesterone? (FEMALE)

- Affects mammary glands

- Promote changes in uterus

- Regulates secretion of FSH & LH

What is endometriosis?

- Tissue resembling inner lining of uterus (endoterium) grows in the wrong area or in abdominal cavity

- May lead to scarring

- Fertility issues may occur

How does Tamoxifen and raloxifene work?

- Blockage of estrogen receptors

- Half of patients’ w/ breast cancer have estrogen receptors on cancer cells

What is the cause of HIV?

- Human Immunodeficiency Virus

What are the symptoms of HIV?

- Fever

- Weakness

- Fatigue

- Infections

What are the effects on fetus when one has HIV?

- Exposure to HIV

- Other infections

Are there any treatments for HIV?

- Drugs to treat/ delay symptoms

Are there any complications of HIV?

- AIDS is acquired from HIV

What are the causes of gonorrhea?

- Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteriaterm

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

- Women: none

- Men: painful urination

What are the effects on the fetus when one has gonorrhea?

- Stillbirth

- blindness

What are the treatments possible for gonorrhea?

- Antibiotics

- Dual drug therapy for resistant strains

What are some complication of gonorrhea?

- Arthritis

- Rash

- Infertility

- Pelvic inflammatory disease

What are the symptoms of genital warts?

- Warts on genitals

What are the effects on the fetus when one has genital warts?

- None known

Are there any treatments for genital warts?

- Chemical or surgical removal of warts

Are there any complications for genital warts?

- Increased risk of cervical cancer (in women)

What are the causes of genital warts?

- Human papillomavirus

When the secondary oocyte is fertilized it becomes a _______.

- Zygote