CJUS 2340 final exam

social control theory

theory that explains deviance as the result of the weakening of social bonds

Anomie Theory

• Emile Durkheim - Normlessness, deregulation, lawlessness

• Lawlessness occurs when something else causes it

Matza's Drift Theory

juveniles drift

Charles Cooley

Looking glass self: that a person's sense of self develops through interactions with others

George Herbert Mead

I and me theory

Albert Reiss

Personal Control and Social Control

Nye

categorized types of control. direct, indirect, internal, and family. Fam is most important

Walter Reckless

containment theory (inner and outer containment) pushes and pull breaks containment through. Pushes is what you don't have control over, pulls are temptations. Resiliency- people who, despite facing many criminogenic risk factors, resist crime

1960s

Control theory became popular

coleman

neutralization: juvenile's perception of justification of their behavior

Drift theory

This theory states that people can "drift" or float back and forth between obeying and breaking the law. People can use techniques of neutralization as excuses to break the law when other forms of social control are weak. When social control is stronger, the offender will drift or float back to law-abiding behavior.

Hirschi

Social bond theory: attachment was the most influential.He is always right; but then he changed his theory. other 3 bonds are commitment, involvement, and belief

Central premise of Social Bond theory

crime occurs when social bonds are weak

Hirschi and Gottfredson

Self-control theory: low self-control occurs when it is not taught; self-control is taught from birth and on

John Hagan

power-control theory, looks at relationship between household structure and occupational authority; created a critical feminist model that uses gender differences to explain the onset of criminality.

Charles Tittle

Too much, too little, just enough- you have to have the perfect amount of control.

(three bears)

Control Ratio

The amount of control to which a person is subject versus the amount of control that person exerts over others.

Mark Colvin

differential coercion: difference between the coercion to commit crime or not to commit crime

labeling theorists

system itself is criminogenic because we labe criminals. system causes crime

Lemert

Primary and secondary deviance. primary is where someone regrets crime and secondary is where they accept it .

Tannenbaum

one of the first to say that state intervention is labeling

Braithwaite

disintegrative and reintegrative shaming. Reintegrative is restorative justice.

Becker, Erikson, Kitsuse

society's reaction to the crime and to the label

Lawrence Sherman

defiance theory; those who commit crime to defy the system.

Rose, Clear

Corhersed Mobility - what impacts are there on communities when groups of individuals are removed

(family loses breadwinner to jail)

Robert Sampson

- ecological bias; police were more likely to arrest in poor neighborhoods than the fluent ones

Conflict Theory

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources

Marx and Engels

The Communist manifesto, Economic conditions determined the nature of everything in society. Class conflict will lead to a bourgeoisie revolution.

Simmel

Conflict is necessary for society to exist (part of social order)

Bonger

unfavorable environment; it all goes back to capitalism

Sellin

cultural conflict; when we don't understand other people's culture and it causes conflict

Vold

Conflict that occurs between criminals and CJUS system. Criminals will always lose.

1960s

Criminological conflict theory

Dahrendorf

cultural norms; we always have to have sanctions for people who go against norms or laws, we have to have people to have to control other people.

Turk

Assignment of criminal status generates issues and conflict with authority, culture and social norms contribute as well

Chambliss

- legal realism; the abstract law and the way it is enforced; the warren court; bureaucratic and the impact of red tape; the more complicated that an organization is, the more potential for conflict.

Quinney

focused on the conflicting interest; typology of crime; crimes of dominance and accommodation and resistance

Peacemaking Criminology

Restorative justice, sense of community rather than focusing on punishment.

Criticized for being too soft. 2 wrongs don't make a right

UCR (Uniform Crime Report)

The _ is compiled by the FBI and is the most widely used and accepted crime and data statistics source. flaws include voluntary, only hear about 1 crime committed per case, drug offenses not included.

Lawlessness in US

The greatest throughout the world

Social experiences and crime

personal experiences determine social context

Theoretical suggestions

When studying crime, we need to focus on three things: Understand it, control it (policies/laws), and prevent/reduce it

Deviance

crime, sin, and poor taste

deviance levels

society decides what is deviant

labeling theory

the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions

underreported crimes

rape, DV, white collar

Impact on CJ policies

Theories change policy

Distribution of crime in US

crime is not evenly distributed within the US

control theory

theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society

Crimewarps-Bennett

• Book predicting types of crimes in the next 20-50 years

• Very inaccurate because there is no social context

• We look to short-term and past history to predict crime.

social context

The combination of people, the activities and interactions among people, the setting in which behavior occurs, and the expectations and social norms governing behavior in that setting

Early theories of crime

blamed the person/individual for crime (the criminal man)

Spiritualism

deals with religious aspect.

Absolute good or absolute evil

No way to test

main difference between classical and positivist school

classical is free will, positivist is physical appearance

Hippocrates' dictum

Naturalistic theory - looked at the brain/theory of the mind as an explanation for crime

Classical School

the school of thought that individuals have free will to choose whether to commit crimes

Hedonistic calculus- risk v reward

Bentham

classical theorist- said make the punishment fit the crime, not the criminal

Howard

reformed prisons

Father of Criminology

• Lombroso - because he made criminology a scientific research study (empirical testing to give credibility to theories)

Lombroso's criminal classifications

• Born Criminal - physical characteristics

• Insane Criminal - Idiots, imbeciles, paranoiacs, epileptics, alcoholics

• Occasional Criminal - Opportunistic (free will)

• Passionate Criminal - anger, love or honor propelled into crime by irresistible force

Garofalo

social Darwinism. the rules of nature were the rules of right conduct revealed to humans through their reasoning. crime is not a natural circumstance

Goring

physical characteristics don't cause us to commit crime

Sheldon

studied juveniles to determine why kids become delinquent. (is it inherited?)

Positivist era goal

To understand crime using science

Freud

not a criminologist. looked at personalities

Goddard

Tested IQ of prison inmates

Eugenics

studies whether behavior is inherited through genes. policy put in place to sterilize prisoners.

Beccaria

punishment should be short, swift, and fit the crime committed

Chicago School

stated the city contained criminogenic forces late 1800s

Progressive Movement

moved from individual to society

Park

Determined cities developed from the inside out

Shaw and McKay

social disorganization theory

Burgess

Concentric Zone Theory- concerned most about center

zone of transition

name given to the second ring of the concentric zone model, which surrounds the CBD, in the concentric zone model. This place typically contains industry and poor-quality housing

Sutherland

differential association--a person becomes deviant because of who they choose to be around

Social efficacy

Social cohesion (community support and organization) come together to prevent crime

Elijah Anderson

Code of the Street why are kids who are alike harming eachother

Ronald Akers

social learning theory. criminal behavior is learned

Chicago Area Project

A program originating at the University of Chicago during the 1930s that focused on urban ecology and that attempted to reduce delinquency, crime, and social disorganization in transitional neighborhoods.

Merton

American Dream- wealth, economics, social status

Modes of Adaptation

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

Dominant reality

universalism- everyone believed the same way

Anomie

lawlessness- durkheim

Cohen

studied juvenile delinquent gangs

Cloward and Ohlin

also studied juvenile delinquent gangs

MFY

• Mobilization for Youth -programs to help develop youth

• Draws from Strain Theory

1960s

When Strain Theory became popular. Started acknowledging that there were differences in opportunity as cause of crime.

Agnew

General Strain Theory

Messner and Rosenfeld

Institutional Anomie Theory

Currie

Argued that the United States is characterized by an extreme form of capitalism, a "market economy," in which the pursuit of personal economic gain becomes increasingly the dominant organizing principle of social life and disrupts other social institutions

Strain Theory strategy to reduce crime

providing opportunities

Modern thought

focused on scientific method

Post-modern thought

viewed the world in a linguistic view ( language)

Henry and milanovic

truth is unknowable, knowledge is not cumulative, facts are social constructions

Arrigo's key propositions

centrality of linguistics; how important language is. Paritial knowledge and provisional truth, basic possibility

West coast theory

similarity between critical theory and label theory, influenced the new way of thinking. naming acts as crimes

Criticism of traditional criminology by new criminology

old criminology was too deterministic

Convict Criminology

Criminology based on the writings of ex-inmates and ex-criminals. Focuses on the process of deviance, not just the action. why they committed crime

Left Realism

An approach that views crime as it relates to the working class

rational choice and routine activity theories

crime prevention is the policy that answers this. Locking your doors, self-preservation, being smart about what you do. Informal situational crime prevention. Harden the target against criminals. Crime is a concrete choice and the criminal is making an informed choice.