Sleep and Dreams Exam #2

Amyloid beta protein buildup can contribute to...

Alzheimer's Disease

According to the "sleep to forget, sleep to remember" hypothesis, REM functions to...

strengthen memory information while gradually weakening memory emotion

Jack is sleep-deprived. His brain will naturally attempt to make up for lost ___ before ___ in order to ___.

NREM; REM; restore glycogen

Which of these states use up the most glucose?

REM

Even non-traumatic, negative emotional experiences can appear in our dreams for approximately ___ after the experience due to ___.

1 week, dream lag effect

Only one of the following statements below is true. Select the TRUE statement.

Other than enacting neural activity to push us into NREM3, no evidence-based theories exist for the functions of NREM1 and NREM2.

Bryson has ADHD and has difficulty with executive tasks like planning and time management. He ends up doing most of his schoolwork in a hectic 1-hour burst between 11 and 11:59pm. He then does not get to bed until he calms down around 1:30 am. What effect does this have on his brain?

It limits restoration in the frontal lobe, exacerbating the cycle of ADHD.

The glymphatic system is responsible for ___ and is most active during ___.

washing our neurons with cerebrospinal fluid; NREM 3

In a torturous study by Rechtschaffen et al., rats died after being forcibly sleep deprived due to...

the effects this had on the immune system

How does sleep affect our synaptic connctions?

Sleep strengthens synaptic connections that are being used and weakens synaptic connections that are overused.

Miss Average Person, age 65, is most likely to dream about her childhood...

after she has been asleep a long time and had multiple REM episodes

Toph was born completely blind. The content of her dreams can include...

touch, hearing, proprioception, smell, and rarely, taste

Mr. K. is having a nice dream about spending time with his younger brother, who has passed away. In the dream, Mr. K. is pleasantly surprised to be able to interact with him like this and remembers that he has passed away. As the dream goes on, it does not seem so out of the ordinary to eat dinner with his brother. Mr. K.'s dream demonstrates...

fluctuating self-reflectiveness

Mr. A. is acting out of character in his dream. He is very anxious and self-deprecating while awake, but in his dream, he is acting brave and confident because people are looking up to him in his dream. The fact that his personal qualities changed so much depending on the dream is best explained by...

the immersive spatiotemporal hallucination model of dreaming

Juanita has been getting 3-4 hours of sleep for the past few days due to her baby's colic. Now that the baby has calmed down, Juanita is going to catch up on zzz's tonight. She is MOST likely to...

having many vivid dreams

Koloss the cat is stepping on his owner's legs and belly. His owner is in REM sleep. What is MOST likely to happen?

His owner will either wake up or will dream about sensations in the legs and belly

We can imagine ourselves moving around in our dreams due to our...

basal ganglia and cerebellum

Mr. H. is having a dream about leading an expedition to destroy a broken-down train that has turned into a living centipede monster. As he discovers it crawling around the cave, he does not act as if this is out of the ordinary. Mr. H.'s dream demonstrates...

impaired self-reflectiveness

The creative quality of dreaming is BEST exemplified by...

dreams combining memory fragments, daily happenings, and sensations, to make a narrative

According to Nir and Torini (2010), our sense of self may be negative in dreams due to...

reduced voluntary control and self-awareness (among other qualities)

The Continuity Hypothesis describes the function of dreams as being...

to simulate waking events and concerns of the dreamer, which may be amplified by the amygdala

Madotsuki is in therapy for nightmares. Her nightmares are not post-traumatic, but they are very surreal and otherworldly. She also has plenty of dreams that are not nightmares but are still ridiculously bizarre. She hardly ever encounters people in her dreams, but she does encounter spirits, animals, and monsters. Madotsuki's friends all seem to have normal dreams with just a dash of adventure, but hers are always weird and she thinks "something must be horribly wrong with [her.]" Which of these dream theories could her therapist explain to her that would provide her the BEST relief for her belief that something is wrong with her?

NEXTUP

Farha has a big presentation tomorrow for Communications. The night before, she has a vivid dream of her presentation. Many of the slides she just made on her PowerPoint actually appear, and she recognizes some of her classmates in the front row. It's a stressful dream, though she wouldn't describe it as a full-on nightmare because nothing bad actually happens. Which theory would BEST describe why she had this particular dream?

Social Simulation

Freud believed that the function of dreams was to ______, while Jung believed the function of dreams was to _______.

fulfill forbidden wishes from the id of the unconscious; compensate for psychological imbalances and display imagery of the collective unconscious

Blagrove et al. believed that the function of dreams was to ______, while Revonsuo believed the function of dreams was to _______.

enhance social empathy in the waking person; enhance the efficiency of fear responses in the waking person

Freddy K. works at the Dream Factory where it is his job to make nightmares. Sometimes, it can be very difficult because many dreams "de-fang" people's stressors. For Freddy's nightmare to work, he needs to make sure that...

fear-related imagery is strong enough to stay in people's short-term memory

Enmu works at the Dream Factory where it is his job to make very rewarding, addicting dreams. Sometimes, it can be very difficult for him because dreams tend to de-contextualize or desensitize people's normal emotional experiences. He also doesn't want the dreams to be so rewarding and exciting that people wake up. What should he do?

activate dopaminergic circuits in the occipital-temporal (visual association) areas of people's brains

Doremy, the manager of the Dream Factory, has just fired her employees Freddy K. and Enmu for abuse of power and has had to delete all their dreams. Now she is stuck starting from scratch with very unhappy customers. Her customers, she finds, mostly want their dreams to allow them to simulate or practice real-life situations that could occur. To make the most helpful dreams for her customers, Doremy should review...

Hobston-Friston theory

The _____ Theory states that dreams come about as the forebrain's attempt to make sense of chaotic impulses in the brainstem when we are sleeping.

AIM

Despite the Free Energy Principle, dreams can never truly be predictive because...

they depend on the brain's ability to detect errors between expected vs. obtained sensory information

Chayton has started to have detailed, narrative dreams that depict him in seemingly everyday scenarios, except it always seems like at least something in the dream is not true or doesn't make sense. For example, he has dreams of going to practice, but everybody is wearing neon hats. He dreams of his house, but there are somehow many more rooms in it that don't exist in real life. Assuming Chayton has normal development, what is his approximate age?

roughly 20-45 years old

You have stumbled upon a dream journal and open it up. The person's dreams include reunions with dead loved ones, doors opening to bright light, natural disasters, dying flowers, pregnancies, dark and winding tunnels, newborn babies, angels, and psychopomps. The dreamer is most likely:

an imaginative/creative person or someone who is dying

Alisha has just begun having dreams where she encounters a mix of real people she knows and seemingly made-up people. Her dreams have also just begun to have a narrative structure, and she can tell them to her friends like a story. Assuming Alisha is developing normally, what is her approximate age?

roughly 7-12 years old

Abram has just begun having wet dreams (nocturnal emissions). He still has ordinary, narrative dreams, but many dreams now are erotic and include imagery of beautiful movie stars and crushes. He's a little surprised when this happens because it has never happened before. Assuming Abram is developing normally, what is his approximate age?

roughly 12-16 years old

Domhoff (1996) found that college-age men report significantly higher rates of dreams about ____ than women.

sexuality, success, failure, and aggression

Victor, age 8, understands that his friend's thoughts and opinions may be different from his own, even about the same topic. He does not throw tantrums when his friends disagree with him because he already has a sense that they might. Victor, for example, loves Dicarlo's pizza, but his friend George hates it. When they are served Dicarlo's pizza after soccer practice, Victor even has an idea that George has probably thought about Victor being happy about the pizza and knowing that George was unhappy! Victor has developed...

theory of mind

Winnie has begun to have vivid and adventurous dreams about her past. Many of her dreams involve her talking with dead loved ones or going on some sort of journey or adventure with them. Sometimes she wakes up feeling emotional because her dreams have a lot of spiritual or otherwordly imagery or plots. She has had dreams about the past and her lost loved ones before, but they didn't used to be this action-packed. Assuming Winnie is developing normally, what is her approximate age?

roughly 75+

Trey has frequent dreams where he pictures his beloved pet dog, Spot. There is not much "plot" to Trey's dreams. He believes the dreams are delivered to him like gifts or messages. He happily tells his dad that Spot comes to visit him in his dreams. Assuming Trey has normal development, approximately how old is he?

a toddler

The default mode network is most active when we are ____ and often overlaps with areas of the brain involved in ___

resting or daydreaming; social information

Selterman et al. (2014) found that people who had ____ and ____ dreams reported interacting less with their romantic partners in the days following the dreams.

avoidant attachment; negative partner-related

Bill has nodded off in front of the TV. He has a weird dream of a narwhal being in the middle of McDonald's. Not much else seemed to happen in the dream. When a loud advertisement came on, he woke up. When was his dream?

NREM 1

In traditional cultures, such as many Native American cultures, dreams:

Influence social structure and roles in waking life

Hank and Peggy are both asleep. Peggy has a dream about their son riding a bicycle, hitting a curb, and skinning his knee. In the dream, she clearly sees his facial expression as she tells him to be more careful. Nothing else happens, but the dream wakes her up and she rolls over. Hank does not wake up despite the noise she makes. He is having a dream about the view from his back porch. Nothing else is happening in his dream. When are their dreams?

Peggy's dream was in NREM2; Hank's dream is in NREM3.

Quinn is deaf. She can read lips and use sign language, but she's never tried cochlear implants. When she dreams....

she may experience other people's communications to her as speech with sound, intuitive messages, or may dream of ASL signs.

Dipper has a vivid dream where he meets a clone of himself who goes by the name "Dippy Fresh." It creeps him out. What BEST explains his dream?

He is processing autobiographical information.

Dale has a nightmare that he has developed lung cancer. He makes an appointment with his doctor, who confirms a very early-stage malignancy. What BEST explains this?

Our brain attempts to create predictions based on information we are exposed to during the day, and Dale knows he is a chain smoker.

Minh, 51, and Connie, 13, both have recurring dreams. Assuming neither of them have PTSD, who is more likely to have negative recurring dreams or recurring nightmares?

Connie

Stanford and Stanley are twins. One night, they have the same dream about an alternate dimension. What explains this?

Their brains are structurally similar, and they probably discuss information they are exposed to during the day with each other.

People with PTSD may have severe, recurrent nightmares because of:

Processing of more salient emotions and increases in amygdala connectivity

Jeff says he does not have any dreams. Assuming Jeff has not had a lobotomy, select ALL possible explanations for this.

Jeff has fewer dreams overall due to antidepressants, and he doesn't remember the ones he has.

Jeff has reduced brain activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Jeff has reduced brain activity in the temporoparietal area.