RAD 110 - Ch. 1 Terminology & Positioning - General & Systemic Anatomy

Anatomy

the study, classification, & description of the structure & organs of the human body

Physiology

the study of processes & functions of the body

Atoms combine to form

Chemicals

Chemicals combine to form

Molecules

Molecules combine to form

Cells

Cells of similar kinds combine to form

Tissues

Tissues of different groups combine to form

Organs

Organs of similar purpose combine to form

Systems

10 Systems combine to form

Organism

Skeletal System

- Includes 206 separate bones

- Axial Skeleton: 80 bones, Central axis of body, skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

- Appendicular Skeleton: 126 bones, limbs, shoulder & pelvic girdles

Skeletal System Functions:

1) Support & protect soft tissues

2) Allow movement by working with Muscular System

3) Produce blood cells

4) Store calcium

Osteology:

the study of bones

Arthrology:

the study of joints

Circulatory System

Cardiovascular system: heart, blood, & blood vessels

Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands, & spleen

Circulatory System Functions:

1) Distribute oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body

2) Transport cell waste and carbon dioxide from the cells

3) Transport water, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes

4) Protect against disease

5) Prevent hemorrhage by forming blood clots

6) Assist in regulating body temperature

Digestive System:

Alimentary canal: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

Accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Digestive System Functions:

1) Prepare food for absorption by the cells through numerous physical and chemical breakdown processes

2) Eliminate solid wastes from the body

Respiratory System:

- nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchial tree, & alveoli

Respiratory System Functions:

1) Supply oxygen to the blood and eventually to the cells

2) Eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood

3) Assist in regulating the acid-base balance of the blood

Urinary System:

- produce, collect, & eliminate urine

- kidneys, ureters, bladder, & urethra

Urinary System Functions:

1) Regulate the chemical composition of the blood

2) Eliminate many waste products

3) Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and volume

4) Maintain the acid-base balance of the body

Reproductive System:

- produce, transport, & store germ cells

- Male: the testes produce mature germ cells. The vas deferens, prostate, & paris transport & store

- Female: reproductive organs → ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, & vagina

Reproductive System Function:

1) Reproduce the organism

Nervous System:

- brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense organs

Nervous System Functions:

1) coordinate voluntary & involuntary body activities

2) transmit electrical impulses to various parts of the body & the brain

Muscular System:

- Smooth muscle

- Skeletal muscle

- Cardiac muscle

Muscular System Functions:

1) Allow movement, such as locomotion of the body or movement of substances through the alimentary canal

2) Maintain posture

3) Produce body heat

Endocrine System:

- ductless glands

- testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, and pituitary. The placenta acts as a temporary endocrine gland.

Endocrine System Function:

1) regulate bodily activities through the various hormones carried by the cardiovascular system

Integumentary System:

- skin, hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands.

Integumentary System Functions:

1) Regulate body temperature

2) Protect the body, within limits, against microbial invasion and mechanical, chemical, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage

3) Eliminate waste products through perspiration

4) Receive certain stimuli such as temperature, pressure, and pain

5) Synthesize certain vitamins and biochemicals such as vitamin D