Chapter 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Males

Males

________ are always on the left of the pyramid and females are on the right.

death rates

Birth and ________ converge to result in limited population growth and population decline.

Negative RNI

________ means the population has shrunk.

phase of development

The ________ is directly followed by a stabilization of population growth as the procreation rates decline.

Population growth involves two main concepts

rate of natural increase (RNI) and the demographic equation

high birth rates

rural agricultural Third-World countries

low birth rates

urbanized industrial and service-based economies

ex

total number of infants born living is counted for one calendar year and then calculated

CBR

Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000

high death rates

a country that is experiencing war, disease, or famine, such as poor Third-World countries experiencing poverty, poor nutrition, epidemic disease, and a lack of medical care

Green Revolution

(increased food and nutrition) and access to sanitation, education, and health care

CDR

Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000

reduced fecundity

when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children

Ex

a country with a high rate of natural increase can have an unexpectedly low long-term population prediction if there is a large amount of emigration

Doubling Time

how long it would take for a country to double in size

formula

70Rate of Natural Increase

To estimate the RNI for each year in the future by examining a countrys position

(Pop

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative

Population Growth Percentage Rate = (Birth Rate

Death Rate) + Net Migration Rate/10%

formula

Number of Children Born/Women Aged 15 to 45

ex

we can estimate a population projection that the planets population has reached only about two-thirds of its potential

ex

an animal population that receives a vast amount of food or removes predators from their habitat will result rapid population growth followed by a plateau or decline due to a population reaching or exceeding the areas carrying capacity

result

little population growth until the later part of stage one when death rates begin to decline; RNI is generally low or negative

ex

in the United States, services are 80 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and manufacturing is only 20 percent

Zero population growth (ZPG) (RNI of 0.0 percent)

birth rates reach the same level as death rates

interregional, or internal, migrants

those who move from one region of the country to another

transnational migration

occurs when migrants move from one country to another

forced migration

people may be taken or coerced from their homes for forced labor through human trafficking or enslavement

undocumented immigrants

people who come seeking refuge or employment opportunities but do not have government authorization

amnesty programs

allow undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation

step migration

occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place

chain migration

occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold

life-course changes

when people move because of major changes in the course of their lives**

(ex

armed conflict, environmental pollution, increased land costs)

(ex

job opportunities, medical care, education, service access, entertainment)

birth rate; natality

the crude birth rate (CBR) and an annual statistic

crude birth rate (CBR)

Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000

death rate; mortality

the crude death rate (CDR) and an annual statistic calculated in the same way as the birth rate

green revolution

increased food and nutrition and access to sanitation, education, and health care

crude death rate (CDR)

Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000

rate of natural increase (RNI); natural increase rate (NIR)

the annual percentage of population growth of that country for that one-year period

Birth Rate - Death Rate/10%

negative RNI

population shrinkage

reduced fecundity

when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children

doubling time

how long it would take for a country to double in size

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative

Total fertility rate (TFR)

the estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15 to 45)

replacement rate

a TFR of 2.1

dependency ratio

provides the number of people too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in the work force

demographic transition model (DTM)

a theory of how population changes over time and provides insights into issues of migration, fertility, economic development, industrialization, urbanization, labor, politics, and the role of women

epidemiological transition model (ETM)

a model that specifically accounts for development due to the increasing population growth rates caused by medical advances

Stage One (DTM)

historically characterized by pre-agricultural societies engaged in subsistence farming and transhumance; fluctuating birth and death rates

Stage Two (DTM)

typically agriculturally based economies; high birth rates; declining death rates

Stage Three (DTM)

historically where most “industrialized” or manufacturing-based countries were found in the transition; birth and death rates decline due to urbanization

NIC countries

characterized by economies that focus on manufacturing as the primary form of economic production and employment

Stage Four & Five (DTM)

service industries like finance, insurance, real estate, health care, and communications that drive the economy; birth and death rates converge to result in limited population growth and population decline

zero population growth (ZPG)

birth rates reach the same level as death rates (RNI of 0.0 percent)

Malthusian Theory

states that the global population would one day expand to the point where it could not produce enough food to feed everyone

Reasons Neo-Malthusians warn that a Malthusian catastrophe could still occur:

Sustainability 2. Increasing Per Capita Demand 3. Natural Resource Depletion

population pyramids

graphical way to visualize the population structure of a country or place as well as the gender and age distribution of the population

arithmetic density

the number of people per square unit of land

physiologic density

the number of people per square unit of farmland

population center

found by averaging the spatial weight of population across the country

overpopulation

too much population; a major concern both in resource-poor regions and across the globe

migrants

those who voluntarily move from location to location

internal/interregional migrants

those who move from one region of the country to another

transnational migration

occurs when migrants move from one country to another

forced migration

people who may be taken or coerced from their homes for forced labor through human trafficking or enslavement

undocumented immigrants

people who come seeking refuge or employment opportunities but do not have government authorization

amnesty programs

programs that allow undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation

step migration

occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place

chain migration

occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold

life-course changes

when people move because of major changes in the course of their lives

push factors

specific things about the rural agricultural landscape and livelihood that force people off the farm (ex: armed conflict, environmental pollution, increased land costs)

pull factors

specific things about cities that draw people to the urban landscape (ex: job opportunities, medical care, education, service access, entertainment)