Exam 4.1

The ventral rami of T1-T11 are also known as: 

Brachial nerves 

Cervical nerves 

Intercostal nerves

 Thoracic nerves 

Spinal nerves

Intercostal nerves

Following an impulse through the nervous system (spinal cord to effector organ,) which of the following is the correct pathway?

spinal cord → nerve plexus → ventral rami → spinal nerve → ventral root → effector organ

spinal cord → nerve plexus → ventral root → spinal nerve → ventral rami → effector organ

spinal cord → spinal nerve → ventral root → ventral rami → nerve plexus → effector organ

spinal cord → ventral rami → spinal nerve → ventral root → nerve plexus → effector organ

spinal cord → ventral root → spinal nerve → ventral rami → nerve plexus → effector organ

spinal cord → ventral root → spinal nerve → ventral rami → nerve plexus → effector organ

Place the following structures in the correct order when considering the path of an impulse originating in the cerebral cortex as it travels from the spinal cord to the effector organ.

1. Nerve plexus 2. Spinal nerve 3. Ventral rami 4. Ventral root

1, 2, 3, 4 

1, 3, 2, 4 

2, 4, 3, 1 

3, 2, 4, 1 

4, 2, 3, 1

4, 2, 3, 1

The dorsal ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the:

Deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back

Major thoracic and abdominal organs 

Muscles of the abdominal wall 

Special senses of the thorax 

Ventral and lateral trunk and the limbs 

Deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back

The ventral ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the:

Deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back

Major thoracic and abdominal organs

 Muscles of the abdominal wall 

Special senses of the thorax

Ventral and lateral trunk and the limbs

Ventral and lateral trunk and the limbs

This figure demonstrates the branches of the spinal nerve. What structure(s) does number 1 indicate?

Dorsal ramus 

Dorsal root ganglion 

Rami communicans

 Sympathetic trunk ganglion 

Ventral ramus

Dorsal ramus

This figure demonstrates the branches of the spinal nerve. What structure(s) does number 2 indicate?

Dorsal ramus 

Dorsal root ganglion 

Rami communicans 

Sympathetic trunk ganglion

 Ventral ramus

Dorsal root ganglion

This figure demonstrates the branches of the spinal nerve. What structure(s) does number 3 indicate?

Dorsal ramus 

Dorsal root ganglion 

Rami communicans

 Sympathetic trunk ganglion 

Ventral ramus

Sympathetic trunk ganglion

This figure demonstrates the branches of the spinal nerve. What structure(s) does number 4 indicate?

Dorsal ramus 

Dorsal root ganglion

 Rami communicans

 Sympathetic trunk ganglion 

Ventral ramus

Rami communicans

This figure demonstrates the branches of the spinal nerve. What structure(s) does number 5 indicate?

Dorsal ramus 

Dorsal root ganglion 

Rami communicans 

Sympathetic trunk ganglion 

Ventral ramus

Ventral ramus

A network of interwoven ventral rami of spinal nerves is best known as a:

Communicans 

Ganglion 

Dermatome 

Plexus 

Ramus

Plexus

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________.

Brachial plexus 

Cervical plexus 

Lumbar plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Thoracic plexus

Sacral plexus

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L1 to L4 form the ________.

Brachial plexus 

Cervical plexus 

Lumbar plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Thoracic plexus

Lumbar plexus

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of C5 to T1 form the ________.

Brachial plexus

 Cervical plexus 

Lumbar plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Thoracic plexus

Brachial plexus

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of C1 to C4 form the ________.

Brachial plexus 

Cervical plexus

 Lumbar plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Thoracic plexus

Cervical plexus

The spinal nerves that give rise to the sacral plexus are:

C1-C4 

C5-T1

 L1-L4 

L4-S4 

T1-T12

L4-S4

The spinal nerves that give rise to the cervical plexus are:

C1-C4 

C5-T1 

L1-L4 

L4-S4 

T1-T12

C1-C4

The spinal nerves that give rise to the brachial plexus are:

C1-C4 

C5-T1 

L1-L4

 L4-S4

 T1-T12

C5-T1

The spinal nerves that give rise to the lumbar plexus are:

C1-C4

 C5-T1 

L1-L4 

L4-S4

 T1-T12

L1-L4

The cervical plexus is formed by the: 

Anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4

 Anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1 

Posterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4 

Posterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1 

Rami communicantes of spinal nerves C5-T1

Anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4

The brachial plexus is formed by the:

Anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1 

Posterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4

 Posterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1 

Rami communicantes of spinal nerves C5- T1

Anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

The ________ innervates the muscles of the anterior neck.

Brachial plexus 

Cervical plexus 

Lumbar plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Thoracic plexus

Cervical plexus

The plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the _____.

Brachial plexus 

Cervical plexus 

Lumbar plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Thoracic plexus

Cervical plexus

The ________ contains all the nerves of the upper limbs. 

Brachial plexus 

Cervical plexus 

Lumbar plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Thoracic plexus

Brachial plexus

The plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the _________.

Brachial plexus 

Cervical plexus 

Lumbar plexus

 Sacral plexus

 Thoracic plexus

Brachial plexus

The ________ contains the nerves of the anterior lower limbs.

Brachial plexus 

Cervical plexus 

Lumbar plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Thoracic plexus

Lumbar plexus

The plexus that supplies the anterior lower limbs is the _________.

Brachial plexus 

Cervical plexus 

Lumbar plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Thoracic plexus

Lumbar plexus

The ________ contains the nerves of the posterior lower limbs.

Brachial plexus

 Cervical plexus

 Lumbar plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Thoracic plexus

Sacral plexus

The plexus that supplies the posterior lower limbs is the _________.

Brachial plexus 

Cervical plexus 

Lumbar plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Thoracic plexus

Sacral plexus

Which spinal nerves contribute to the brachial plexus?

C1-C4 

C5-T1

 L1-L4 

L4-S4 

T1-T12

C5-T1

Which spinal nerves contribute to the cervical plexus?

C1-C4 

C5-T1

 L1-L4

 L4-S4 

T1-T12

C1-C4

Which spinal nerves contribute to the lumbar plexus?

C1-C4 

C5-T1 

 L1-L4 

L4-S4 

T1-T12

L1-L4

Which spinal nerves contribute to the sacral plexus?

C1-C4

 C5-T1

 L1-L4 

L4-S4 

T1-T12

L4-S4

Which of the following lists the components of the brachial plexus in correct order starting with the most medial?

Cords, divisions, nerves, rami 

Ganglia, rami, nerves, terminals 

Rami, divisions, cords, trunks 

Rami, trunks, divisions, cords 

Trunks, divisions, rami, cords

Rami, trunks, divisions, cords

Within the axilla, there are several levels of organization of the branches of the anterior rami. Which of the following is a correct level of organization? 

three cords--the posterior, medial, and lateral cords

 three divisions--the superior, middle, and inferior divisions 

five cords-- superior, inferior, medial, lateral, and middle divisions

 five divisions--proximal, distal, ulnar, median, and radial divisions 

five trunks-- superior, inferior, medial, lateral, and middle divisions 

three cords--the posterior, medial, and lateral cords

Spinal nerves that innervate the anterior lower limbs form the ________.

Brachial plexus 

Cervical plexus

 Thoracic plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Lumbar plexus

Lumbar plexus

Spinal nerves that innervate the posterior lower limbs form the ________.

Brachial plexus

 Cervical plexus 

Thoracic plexus 

Sacral plexus

 Lumbar plexus

Sacral plexus

The function of lower motor neurons is to:

Excite motor portions of the thalamus 

Excite or inhibit motor portions of the cerebral cortex 

Excite or inhibit skeletal muscle cells 

Excite or inhibit upper motor neurons 

Excite skeletal muscle cells

Excite or inhibit upper motor neurons

The function of upper motor neurons is to:

Directly excite skeletal muscle cells 

Excite motor portions of the thalamus 

Excite or inhibit lower motor neurons 

Excite or inhibit motor portions of the cerebral cortex 

Excite or inhibit skeletal muscle cells

Excite or inhibit lower motor neurons

Motor pathways are _________ tracts that control _________.

Ascending, effectors 

Ascending, receptors 

Descending, effectors 

Descending, receptors

Descending, effectors

The Golgi tendon reflex:

 Helps to overcome pain 

Aids in sending sensory information to the muscles 

Prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively 

Prevents muscles from contracting

Helps to gain balance through a complex series of muscular contractions

Prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively

A monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates skeletal muscle length is a _____ reflex.

Flexor 

Golgi tendon 

Hypoactive 

Stretch 

Withdrawal 

Stretch

The largest and longest nerve in the body is the _________ nerve. 

Femoral 

Obturator

 Radial 

Saphenous 

Sciatic 

Sciatic

This nerve helps to plant the foot and receives sensory signals from the skin of the sole.

Femoral nerve 

Deep fibular nerve 

Genitofemoral nerve 

Obturator nerve 

Tibial nerve 

Tibial nerve

Where the sciatic nerve splits, it branches directly into the: 

Deep and superficial fibular nerves 

Deep femoral and tibial nerves

 Femoral and obturator nerves 

Popliteal and sural nerves 

Tibial and common fibular nerves

Tibial and common fibular nerves

Q16:
Which of the following nerves are part of the Muscular branch of the cervical plexus?

Auricular nerve

 Cervical nerve 

Occipital nerve 

Phrenic nerve 

Supraclavicular nerve 

Phrenic nerve

Which of the following nerves are part of the Muscular branch of the cervical plexus?

Auricular nerve 

Cervical nerve 

Muscular nerve 

Occipital nerve 

Supraclavicular nerve 

Muscular nerve

Which of the following nerves of the cervical plexus detects stimuli at the back of the scalp?

Auricular nerve

 Cervical nerve 

Occipital nerve 

Phrenic nerve 

Supraclavicular nerve

Occipital nerve

Which of the following nerves of the cervical plexus detects stimuli around the ear? 

Auricular nerve 

Cervical nerve 

Occipital nerve 

Phrenic nerve 

Supraclavicular nerve

Auricular nerve

Which of the following nerves of the cervical plexus detects stimuli at the anterior neck?

Auricular nerve 

Cervical nerve 

Occipital nerve 

Phrenic nerve 

Supraclavicular nerve

Cervical nerve

 Which of the following nerves of the cervical plexus detects stimuli at the shoulder?

Auricular nerve 

Cervical nerve 

Occipital nerve 

Phrenic nerve 

Supraclavicular nerve

Supraclavicular nerve

If a person suffers a thorax-crushing injury and is unable to breathe properly, you would suspect that this nerve was damaged.

 Accessory nerve 

Auricular nerve 

Cervical nerve 

Phrenic nerve 

Sciatic nerve 

Phrenic nerve

The nerve that innervates the deltoid muscle and receives sensory input from the superolateral arm is the: 

Axillary nerve 

Median nerve 

Musculocutaneous nerve 

Radial nerve 

Ulnar nerve 

Axillary nerve

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. What nerve do you suspect to be damaged? 

Axillary nerve 

Median nerve 

Musculocutaneous nerve 

Radial nerve

 Ulnar nerve

Median nerve

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has lost the ability to flex his elbow and supinate his forearm. Which nerve do you suspect he has damaged? 

Axillary nerve

 Median nerve 

Musculocutaneous nerve 

Radial nerve 

Ulnar nerve 

Musculocutaneous nerve

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he cannot extend the forearm, wrist, and digits. You suspect that he has damaged the: 

Axillary nerve 

Median nerve 

Musculocutaneous nerve

Radial nerve 

Ulnar nerve 

Radial nerve

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from his "pinky". You suspect that he has damaged the: 

Axillary nerve 

Median nerve 

Musculocutaneous nerve 

Radial nerve 

 Ulnar nerve

 Ulnar nerve

A person suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome has lost function of the: 

Axillary nerve

 Median nerve 

Musculocutaneous nerve 

Radial nerve 

Ulnar nerve

Median nerve

The two main nerves of the lumbar plexus are the: 

 Femoral and obturator nerves 

Femoral and sciatic nerves 

Obturator and pudendal nerves 

Obturator and sciatic nerves

 Pudendal and sciatic nerves 

Femoral and obturator nerves

The nerve responsible for innervation (movement) of the quadriceps femoris muscle in the anterior thigh is the _____ nerve. 

Genitofemoral 

 Femoral 

Obturator 

Sciatic 

Tibial 

Femoral

Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?

 Effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor 

Effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor 

Integration center, afferent neuron, receptor, efferent neuron, effector

 Receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector 

Receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector 

Receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector 

Following a simple reflex arc from receptor to effector which of the following is the correct pathway? 

Receptor → afferent fiber → efferent fiber → integration center → effector organ 

Receptor → afferent fiber → integration center → efferent fiber → effector organ 

Receptor → efferent neuron → afferent neuron → integration center → effector 

Receptor → efferent fiber → integration center → afferent fiber → effector organ 

Receptor → integration center → afferent fiber → efferent fiber → effector organ

Receptor → afferent fiber → integration center → efferent fiber → effector organ

Which of the following statements is most accurate? 

Basic reflexes are always mediated by the brain

 Basic reflexes are always autonomic 

Basic reflexes are rapid, predictable, learned responses 

Basic reflexes are somatic only 

 Basic reflexes are unlearned, built-in response that may be modified by learned behavior 

Basic reflexes are unlearned, built-in response that may be modified by learned behavior

Reflexes are best described as: 

Autonomic and spontaneous 

Pre-programmed and voluntary 

Rapid and involuntary

 Slow and spontaneous 

Spontaneous and self-initiating 

Rapid and involuntary

What is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex? 

1. Effector responds

 2. Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS

 3. Information is processed by interneurons 

4. Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector 

5. Stimulus activates a receptor 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 

2, 4, 3, 1, 5 

3, 1, 2, 4, 5 

3, 2, 1, 4, 5 

5, 2, 3, 4, 1

5, 2, 3, 4, 1 

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies? 

A complete loss of sensation 

A complete loss of sensation and movement

 A complete loss of voluntary movement 

Neither a loss of sensation nor movement but only of autonomic control 

A complete loss of voluntary movement

Select the statement that is most correct. 

The cell bodies of afferent ganglia are located in the spinal cord 

The dorsal root ganglion is a motor-only structure 

Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord that are associated with efferent fibers 

Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

Which statement most accurately describes spinal nerves?

All spinal nerves are motor nerves 

All spinal nerves are sensory nerves 

 Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons

 Odd numbered spinal nerves are sensory and even numbered spinal nerves are motor

Spinal nerves are central axons contained within the vertebral canal 

Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons 

Which of the following is a branch off a spinal nerve? 

Infeonrior ramus 

Lateral ramus 

Medial ramus 

Rami communicans 

Superior ramus

Rami communicans 

Which of the following is a branch off a spinal nerve?

 Dorsal ramus 

Inferior ramus 

Lateral ramus 

Medial ramus

 Superior ramus

Dorsal ramus 

Which of the following is a branch off a spinal nerve? 

Inferior ramus

 Lateral ramus

 Medial ramus 

Ventral ramus 

Superior ramus 

Ventral ramus

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains: 

A mix of sensory and motor axons 

Autonomic nervous system axons only

 Motor axons only 

Sensory axons only 

Sensory axons only

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains: 

A mix of sensory and motor axons 

Autonomic nervous system axons only

 Motor axons only

 Sensory axons only 

Motor axons only

Which of the following structures is most proximal to the spinal cord? 

Dorsal nerve 

Dorsal ramus

 Dorsal root

 Dorsal root ganglion 

Dorsal rootlets 

Dorsal rootlets

Which of the following structures is most distal to the spinal cord? 

Dorsal nerve 

 Dorsal ramus 

Dorsal root 

Dorsal root ganglion

 Dorsal rootlets 

 Dorsal ramus

This figure shows an anterior view of the spinal cord and meninges. What structure does number 1 indicate? 

Dorsal root 

Dorsal rootlets 

Spinal nerve 

Ventral root 

Ventral rootlets 

Spinal nerve

This figure shows an anterior view of the spinal cord and meninges. What structure does number 5 indicate?

Dorsal root 

Dorsal root ganglion

 Dorsal rootlets 

Ventral root 

Ventral rootlets

Ventral rootlets

This figure shows an anterior view of the spinal cord and meninges. What structure does number 6 indicate?

Dorsal root 

Dorsal root ganglion 

Dorsal rootlets 

Ventral root 

Ventral rootlets

Ventral root

This figure shows an anterior view of the spinal cord and meninges. What structure does number 2 indicate?

Dorsal root 

Dorsal root ganglion

 Dorsal rootlets 

Ventral root 

Ventral rootlets

Dorsal root ganglion

This figure shows an anterior view of the spinal cord and meninges. What structure does number 3 indicate?

Dorsal root 

Dorsal root ganglion 

Dorsal rootlets

 Ventral root 

Ventral rootlets 

Dorsal root

This figure shows an anterior view of the spinal cord and meninges. What structure does number 4 indicate?

Dorsal root 

Dorsal root ganglion 

Dorsal rootlets 

Ventral root 

Ventral rootlets

Dorsal rootlets

Which of the following has long preganglionic axons and therefore ganglia that are relatively far from the central nervous system?

Autonomic nervous system 

Central nervous system 

Parasympathetic nervous system 

Somatic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

2)Which of the following contains short preganglionic axons that branch extensively?

Autonomic nervous system 

Central nervous system 

Parasympathetic nervous system

Somatic nervous system 

Sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

3)Which of the following statements concerning the sympathetic system is most accurate true?

Sympathetic division has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers

Sympathetic division has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers 

Sympathetic fiber origin is thoracolumbar 

Sympathetic ganglia are close to visceral organs served

Sympathetic fiber origin is thoracolumbar

Which of the following statements concerning the sympathetic system is most accurate true? 

Sympathetic division has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers 

Sympathetic division has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers 

Sympathetic fiber origin is craniosacral 

Sympathetic ganglia are close to visceral organs served

Sympathetic division has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers

Which of the following statements concerning the sympathetic system is most accurate true?

Sympathetic division has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers 

Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers

 Sympathetic fiber origin is craniosacral 

Sympathetic ganglia are close to visceral organs served

Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers

Which of the following statements concerning the sympathetic system is most accurate true?

Sympathetic division has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers

 Sympathetic division has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers

 Sympathetic fiber origin is craniosacral 

Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS

Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic system is most accurate true?

Parasympathetic division has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers 

Parasympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers 

Parasympathetic fiber origin is craniosacral 

Parasympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS

Parasympathetic fiber origin is craniosacral 

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic system is most accurate true?

Parasympathetic division has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers 

Parasympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers 

Parasympathetic fiber origin is thoracolumbar 

Parasympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS

Parasympathetic division has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic system is most accurate true?

Parasympathetic division has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers 

Parasympathetic division has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers 

Parasympathetic fiber origin is thoracolumbar 

Parasympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS

Parasympathetic division has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic system is most accurate true?

Parasympathetic division has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers 

Parasympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers 

Parasympathetic fiber origin is thoracolumbar 

Parasympathetic ganglia are close to visceral organs served

Parasympathetic ganglia are close to visceral organs served

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter 

Localized responsiveness 

Long postganglionic axons

 Long preganglionic axons

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in cranial region and sacral region of the spinal cord

Long postganglionic axons

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Localized responsiveness 

Long preganglionic axons 

Norepinephrine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter 

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in cranial region and sacral region of the spinal cord

 Short postganglionic axons 

Norepinephrine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter 

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter 

Localized responsiveness

 Long preganglionic axons 

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1- L2 regions of the spinal cord 

Short postganglionic axons 

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1- L2 regions of the spinal cord 

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter 

Localized responsiveness 

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in cranial region and sacral region of the spinal cord 

Short postganglionic axons 

Short preganglionic axons

Short preganglionic axons

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter 

Long preganglionic axons 

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in cranial region and sacral region of the spinal cord

Short postganglionic axons 

Systemic responsiveness

Systemic responsiveness

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Norepinephrine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1- L2 regions of the spinal cord 

Short postganglionic axons 

Short preganglionic axons 

Systemic responsiveness

Short postganglionic axons

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter 

Long postganglionic axons 

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1- L2 regions of the spinal cord

Short preganglionic axons

Systemic responsiveness

Acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter 

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Long postganglionic axons 

Norepinephrine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter 

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in cranial region and sacral region of the spinal cord 

Short preganglionic axons

 Systemic responsiveness

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in cranial region and sacral region of the spinal cord 

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Long postganglionic axons 

Long preganglionic axons 

Norepinephrine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1- L2 regions of the spinal cord 

Systemic responsiveness

Long preganglionic axons