unit 3

Chemistry is the ____________ of Biology

Foundation

Why do we study chemistry?

We study chemistry to understand the structure and function of the cells that make up living things

What is the basic form of matter?

an element

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space

What is an element?

Simplest form of a substance - cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Elements are assigned ___________

Symbols. Examples: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O2), Chlorine (Cl)

What are the most prevalent elements?

H - Hydrogen

Why do elements bond?

Increase STABILITY

Where is energy stored?

Energy is STORED in the chemical bonds

What are compounds?

Formed when 2 or more elements BOND together

What is bonding?

the joining of two atoms in a stable arrangement (chemically combine)

What are the two kinds of compounds?

Two types: Inorganic Vs. Organic

What are inorganic compounds?

Contains either C or H or neither

Where are inorganic compounds found?

Made by nature and can be found in living things

Water is the best known ___________.

solvent

What is the main use of water in terms of chemical reactions?

Water breaks up molecules allowing chemical reactions to occur.

Is water important to every cell?

YES, it is an essential component of every cell.

Carbon has ___ electrons in its outermost cell

4

Carbon can make how many bonds?

4 bonds

Carbon can form large ____ and ____

large chains/rings

What do organic compounds contain?

Contain Carbon (C) & Hydrogen (H)

How are organic compounds made?

BY Living Things

Are organic compounds complex or smaller molecules?

Complex molecules made of smaller molecules.

Are macromolecules organic or inorganic?

organic

Types of lipids examples

- Cell Membrane (phospholipid)

Function of lipids

- Energy storage= WHICH IS very concentrated --> TWICE as much energy as carbohydrates --> stored in BONDS

- Cushions and Insulates body

building blocks of lipids

1 Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids

Saturated fats

most animals fats

limit the amount in your diet- contributes to heart disease

Unsaturated fats

Plants, vegetable, and fish fats

Better choice in your choice

Cholesterol is a good molecule in...

vitamin transport

What does cholesterol make?

hormones

What does too much cholesterol in your blood lead to?

blood clots/heart attack

What are cell membranes made of?

phospholipids

What are hydrophilic tails?

They are apart of the cell membrane and are on the outside touching water. They are HYDROPHILIC (likes water)

What are hydrophobic tails?

They are inside of the cell membrane and are on the outside touching water. They are HYDROPHILIC (scared of water)

What does the cell membrane do?

forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides or simple sugars; glucose, galactose and fructose.

Chemical formula for glucose

C(6)H(12)O(6)

what do names for sugar end in?

-ose

hydrogen and oxygen ratio in glucose

2:1

function of carbohydrates

main source of (short term)energy

what are monosaccharides?

Single sugar molecules

What are disaccharides?

sucrose, lactose, maltose (double sugars made of monosaccharides)

Where in the cell does carbohydrates make short term energy?

mitochondria

building blocks of carbs

monosaccharides (simple sugars) include glucose, fructose, sucrose

dehydration synthesis

Typical of carbohydrates.

Monomers are combined by removal of a water molecule.

Carbs in Your Body

Monosaccharides - single sugars

- Examples: Glucose, Fructose

Disaccharides - double sugar

- Ex: Sucrose (table sugar)

Polysaccharides - many sugars

- Starch - energy storage in plants

- Glycogen - energy storage in animals

What is the function of nucleic acids?

contains instructions that cells need to carry out life processes

Building blocks of nucleic acids

Nucleotides (Monomer)

Made of Phosphate, Sugar and Molecular Bases

Nucleic Acids in Your Body

DNA - genetic material that carries information about an organism

- in a nucleus

RNA - plays an important role in making proteins in a cell

- in both nucleus or cytoplasm(ribosomes)

Functions of proteins

Growth and Repair

Hormones, Enzymes, etc

building blocks of proteins

20 different Amino Acids

What is the structure of proteins?

Proteins fold and twist into 3D shapes

WHY?

The order that the amino acids bond together determines the protein's shape and function

Role of DNA in Protein Synthesis (production)

Order of DNA bases --> Order of Amino Acids --> Protein Shape --> Protein Function

What is a chemical reaction?

Series of chemical symbols & formulas to represent a chemical reaction.

A process that changes one set of substances into another set of substances

Example:

Iron + Oxygen

Enzymes _______ chemical reactions

speed up (catalyze)

How do you know a chemical reaction has occurred?

Bubbling, spark, color change, heat, smell change

Reactants (starting materials)

the substances that undergo change in the reaction

In order to speed up chemical reactions, scientists add ________.

catalysts

What do metabolic reactions require?

ALL metabolic reactions in living organisms REQUIRE enzymes to work

What are enzymes?

Proteins made up of amino acids that act as organic catalysts

Products (End results)

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

Proteins in Your Body

- Hormones - chemical messengers in the body; cell communication

- Enzymes - Speed up chemical reactions

- Cell Membrane - Receptors and Transport Proteins

- Antibodies - Fight off infection

polymers

Polymers are large molecules made of smaller parts.

monomers

Monomers combine to form polymers.

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis undoes dehydration synthesis.

Polymers are broken down by applying a water molecule.

What are the elements of nucleic acids

CHONP

What are the elements of carbohydrates

CHO

What are the elements of lipids

CHO

What are the elements of proteins

CHON

What makes organic catalysts

Proteins made up of amino acids

chemical equation

A representation of a chemical reaction that uses symbols to show the relationship between the reactants and the products

what does synthesize molecules?

build molecules

what does digest molecules?

break down molecules

What do enzymes do to activation energy?

They lower it

What is activation energy?

energy needed to start a reaction