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Chemistry is the ____________ of Biology
Foundation
Why do we study chemistry?
We study chemistry to understand the structure and function of the cells that make up living things
What is the basic form of matter?
an element
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space
What is an element?
Simplest form of a substance - cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Elements are assigned ___________
Symbols. Examples: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O2), Chlorine (Cl)
What are the most prevalent elements?
H - Hydrogen
Why do elements bond?
Increase STABILITY
Where is energy stored?
Energy is STORED in the chemical bonds
What are compounds?
Formed when 2 or more elements BOND together
What is bonding?
the joining of two atoms in a stable arrangement (chemically combine)
What are the two kinds of compounds?
Two types: Inorganic Vs. Organic
What are inorganic compounds?
Contains either C or H or neither
Where are inorganic compounds found?
Made by nature and can be found in living things
Water is the best known ___________.
solvent
What is the main use of water in terms of chemical reactions?
Water breaks up molecules allowing chemical reactions to occur.
Is water important to every cell?
YES, it is an essential component of every cell.
Carbon has ___ electrons in its outermost cell
4
Carbon can make how many bonds?
4 bonds
Carbon can form large ____ and ____
large chains/rings
What do organic compounds contain?
Contain Carbon (C) & Hydrogen (H)
How are organic compounds made?
BY Living Things
Are organic compounds complex or smaller molecules?
Complex molecules made of smaller molecules.
Are macromolecules organic or inorganic?
organic
Types of lipids examples
Cell Membrane (phospholipid)
Function of lipids
Energy storage= WHICH IS very concentrated --> TWICE as much energy as carbohydrates --> stored in BONDS
Cushions and Insulates body
building blocks of lipids
1 Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids
Saturated fats
most animals fats
limit the amount in your diet- contributes to heart disease
Unsaturated fats
Plants, vegetable, and fish fats
Better choice in your choice
Cholesterol is a good molecule in...
vitamin transport
What does cholesterol make?
hormones
What does too much cholesterol in your blood lead to?
blood clots/heart attack
What are cell membranes made of?
phospholipids
What are hydrophilic tails?
They are apart of the cell membrane and are on the outside touching water. They are HYDROPHILIC (likes water)
What are hydrophobic tails?
They are inside of the cell membrane and are on the outside touching water. They are HYDROPHILIC (scared of water)
What does the cell membrane do?
forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides or simple sugars; glucose, galactose and fructose.
Chemical formula for glucose
C(6)H(12)O(6)
what do names for sugar end in?
-ose
hydrogen and oxygen ratio in glucose
2:1
function of carbohydrates
main source of (short term)energy
what are monosaccharides?
Single sugar molecules
What are disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose, maltose (double sugars made of monosaccharides)
Where in the cell does carbohydrates make short term energy?
mitochondria
building blocks of carbs
monosaccharides (simple sugars) include glucose, fructose, sucrose
dehydration synthesis
Typical of carbohydrates.
Monomers are combined by removal of a water molecule.
Carbs in Your Body
Monosaccharides - single sugars
Examples: Glucose, Fructose
Disaccharides - double sugar
Ex: Sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharides - many sugars
Starch - energy storage in plants
Glycogen - energy storage in animals
What is the function of nucleic acids?
contains instructions that cells need to carry out life processes
Building blocks of nucleic acids
Nucleotides (Monomer)
Made of Phosphate, Sugar and Molecular Bases
Nucleic Acids in Your Body
DNA - genetic material that carries information about an organism
in a nucleus
RNA - plays an important role in making proteins in a cell
in both nucleus or cytoplasm(ribosomes)
Functions of proteins
Growth and Repair
Hormones, Enzymes, etc
building blocks of proteins
20 different Amino Acids
What is the structure of proteins?
Proteins fold and twist into 3D shapes
WHY?
The order that the amino acids bond together determines the protein's shape and function
Role of DNA in Protein Synthesis (production)
Order of DNA bases --> Order of Amino Acids --> Protein Shape --> Protein Function
What is a chemical reaction?
Series of chemical symbols & formulas to represent a chemical reaction.
A process that changes one set of substances into another set of substances
Example:
Iron + Oxygen
Enzymes _______ chemical reactions
speed up (catalyze)
How do you know a chemical reaction has occurred?
Bubbling, spark, color change, heat, smell change
Reactants (starting materials)
the substances that undergo change in the reaction
In order to speed up chemical reactions, scientists add ________.
catalysts
What do metabolic reactions require?
ALL metabolic reactions in living organisms REQUIRE enzymes to work
What are enzymes?
Proteins made up of amino acids that act as organic catalysts
Products (End results)
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
Proteins in Your Body
Hormones - chemical messengers in the body; cell communication
Enzymes - Speed up chemical reactions
Cell Membrane - Receptors and Transport Proteins
Antibodies - Fight off infection
polymers
Polymers are large molecules made of smaller parts.
monomers
Monomers combine to form polymers.
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis undoes dehydration synthesis.
Polymers are broken down by applying a water molecule.
What are the elements of nucleic acids
CHONP
What are the elements of carbohydrates
CHO
What are the elements of lipids
CHO
What are the elements of proteins
CHON
What makes organic catalysts
Proteins made up of amino acids
chemical equation
A representation of a chemical reaction that uses symbols to show the relationship between the reactants and the products
what does synthesize molecules?
build molecules
what does digest molecules?
break down molecules
What do enzymes do to activation energy?
They lower it
What is activation energy?
energy needed to start a reaction
Note
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