Biology 1650 - The Unity of Life - Lab Practical 2 - Frieders

Physiology

The study of how the body and its parts work or function

Active transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane using ATP energy

Passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane using thermal energy

Diffusion

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

Net movement

Molecules moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Equilibrium

A state of balance (even)

Molecule of interest

When more than one atom, particle, or molecule is diffusing at the same time, but we are only concerned about or only focused on the movement of one of those

Solvent

In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves. (Water)

Solutes

Substance dissolved in a solution (Other atoms or molecules)

Solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

Dissolve

the process that takes a place when a solvent is mixed with at solute to make a solution.

Biological membranes

semi-permeable membranes that help maintain homeostasis in the cell

Semi-permeable

Membranes that allow some substances through but not others

What is Science?

A way of thinking, using a systematic method of studying the natural world

What is Biology?

The scientific study of living organisms and biological knowledge (facts and theories)

What is the Scientific Method?

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem through testing ideas

Qualitative Observation

An observation that is described using your 5 senses.

Quantitative Observation

An observation that is measurable such as amount, height, length, weight etc.

Osmometer

A scientific instrument consisting of a hollow glass tube with a bulbous base that is used for measuring osmotic pressure

Dark Karo Syrup

A concentrated sucrose solution

dialysis tubing

tests osmosis using a partially permeable membrane to separate substances

Concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

Molecular motion

The motion of the particles and atoms found in matter

Hypothesis

A testbale prediction based on previous knowledge that provides a possible explanation or solution

Null Hypothesis

no difference between groups

Alternate Hypothesis

Hypothesis that the proposed explanation for observations does have an effect

Raw data

The original data as it was collected.

Summary data

descriptive statistics computed from the raw data of an experiment, including the measures of central tendency and variability

control

In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison

Replicates

multiple subjects that receive either the same experimental treatment or the same control treatment

Data collection

capturing and gathering all data necessary to complete the processing of transactions

Research question

A question that can be answered by an experiment or series of experiments

Constant

A value that does not change

Thermal energy

Heat energy

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

Mean

Average

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Range

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

Digestion

Enzymatic breakdown of a molecule into its smaller subunits, and it occurs in all living organisms.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Cellular energy

needed by cells to to work; found in ATP; stored in chemical bonds; released when chemical bonds are broken

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues

Aerobic cellular respiration

the process by which cells use oxygen to obtain usable energy from an energy source ( Glucose + 6O2 -> 6H2O + ~36ATP )

Glucose

C6H12O6

Alcohol Fermentation Equation

glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

Lactic Acid Fermentation

glucose --> lactic acid + 2 ATP

Sucrose Synthase

Builds sucrose

Sucrase

Breaks down sucrose

Catalysts

Substances that speed up chemical reactions

Lactaid

lactase enzyme

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Indicator

A chemical that changes color in the presence of the substance it reacts with

What do Enzymes do?

1. Aid in digestion

2. Break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

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3. Building muscle

4. Nerve function

5. Get rid of toxins

6. Breathing

Enzymes & PH level

Enzymes are sensitive to acidity and alkalinity. They don't work properly if an environment is too acidic or basic. For example, an enzyme in the stomach called pepsin breaks down proteins. If your stomach doesn't have enough acid, pepsin can't function optimally

Enzymes & Temperature

Enzymes work best when your body temperature is normal, about 98.6°F (37°C). As temperature increases, enzyme reactions increase. But if the temperature gets too high, the enzyme stops working. That's why a high fever can disrupt bodily functions.

Final products of alcohol fermentation

Ethanol, CO2, and ATP

Abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

Anaerobic cellular respiration

the process by which cells obtain energy from an energy source without using oxygen

Respiration

The chemical process organisms use to release the energy from food, which typically involves the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis and Respiration

Respiration releases energy, making it the chemical reverse of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis and respiration are also connected ecologically because the vast majority of organisms use the oxygen produced by photosynthesis for respiration.

Anaerobic cellular respiration is done by who/what?

Some bacteria and archaea

Fermentation

Fermentation is a anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) pathway for breaking down glucose, one that's performed by many types of organisms and cells

PRACTICE: Why would a snake not survive in the Himalayas?

imagine that someone picks up one of these desert-adapted snakes and places it on a snowy peak in the Himalayas. The Himalayas lack the abiotic factors—like an arid climate and loose soil—that the snake is adapted to, and the snake likely will not be able to survive.

Positive reaction

Turns blue-black in the presence of starch (ex: sucrose)

Negative reaction

Remains amber brown (ex: water)

Equation for aerobic cellular respiration

Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ~ 36 ATP

Yeast

eukaryotic unicellular fungi

Why do some organisms make starch?

Serves as a stored energy source, to be digested into glucose later

Amylase

An enzyme that digests starch (a polysaccharide or complex carbohydrate) down into simple sugars such as glucose &/or maltose

Why are replicates important?

Important to account for variation among organisms and to ensure accuracy

Week 7: Fermentation Lab

1. What were the independent variables

The different sugar sources (+ H2O)

Week 7: Fermentation Lab

2. What were the dependent variables

Height of CO2 (mm of gas produced)

Week 7: Fermentation Lab

3. Constants in this experiment (name at least 3)

1. Temperature

2. Amount of yeast

3. Amount of sugar

4. Species of yeast

5. Same size fermentation tubes

Same kind of water in solutions

Pigment

A colored chemical compound that absorbs light, producing color.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Thylakoid

A membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis

Absorption spectrum

The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.

Chlorophyll a

primary pigment, involved in the light reactions, blue/green pigment

Chlorophyll b

accessory pigment that absorbs blue and red-orange light and consequently has a yellowish-green tint

chromatography paper

an absorbent paper that will take in the non polar solvent and it's dissolved pigments

What do enzymes do?

speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

How do enzymes help in digestion?

Enzymes cut proteins into amino acids that the body can use.

What are some Metabolic enzymes functions?

1. Proteolysis

2. Digestion

3. Cellular respiration

4. Energy storage

5. Transcription

6. Respond to the environment.

Abiotic variables examples

1. Temperature

2. lighting

3. precipitation

4. timing

5. evolution

6. species interactions

How do abiotic factors influence ecosystems?

Abiotic factors influence the types of species that can occupy an ecosystem and certain abiotic environmental factors can affect the chemical reactions of respiration, including the availability of oxygen and nutrients.

Similarities between photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration?

1. Membranes

2. Phosphorylation

3. ATP Synthase

4. Redox reaction

5. Electron Transport Chain

Aerobic cellular respiration differences (compared to Photosyn.)

1. Mitochondria in Eukaryotes

2. All living organisms

3. Requires carbohydrates

4. Catabolic

Photosynthesis differences (compared to ACR)

1. Chloroplasts in Eukaryotes

2. Photoautotrophs only

3. Photophosphorylation

4. Photolysis

Dividing eukaryotic cell cycle:

1. Interphase

2. Nuclear Division

3. Cytokinesis

Mitotic cell division

One parent cell divides into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Interphase

Period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

Cell division

Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones)

Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells