Bio Exam 1

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Intro to Bio.

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157 Terms

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Scientific method steps

1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Test
4. Conclusion
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Does data always prove hypothesis?
No. Conclusions reject hypothesis, accepts hypothesis, supports.
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Inductive reasoning
Specific to general

Ex. One bacteria(specific) and all bacteria (all bacteria)
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Aspects of science

1. Repeatable
2. Can be verified and edited
3. Dynamic
4. Objective
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Limitations of science

1. Some things can’t be tested
2. Equipment/ tech is limited or unavailable
3. People can’t accept or aren’t ready to accept hypothesis
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Science creates

1. Model
2. Theory
3. Law
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Chemistry
Deals with the composition and property of matter.
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Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass


1. Liquid
2. Solid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
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Oxygen
Most in body of mass
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Carbon
\#1 in all organisms by # of atoms
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Hydrogen
\#1 in universe
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Atom
(Un-cuttable)

Smallest unit of matter
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Proton
\+1 charge

Mass of 1

Found in nucleus
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Neutron
0 charge

Mass of 1

Found in nucleus
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Electron
\-1 charge

No mass

Found in the space area energy levels
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Rutherford gold foil experiment
Particles went straight through the space of the atom

All positive charge was held in the common nucleus of the atom

Light charges repel
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Bohr experiment
Bohr experiment
Heated elements

If electron displaces energy, it would show dissipating energy through singular color
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what is inside the nucleus ( atomic mass)
Neurons and protons
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First level of atom

1. Lower level
2. Holds 2 electrons
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Second level of atom
Holds 8 electrons
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Third level of atom
Highest level

Can hold 18 electrons

Only 8 are involved with bonding
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Isotopes
Same # protons, different # neutrons
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unstable isotope
Carbon14

isotopes which radioactively decay to form new stable isotopes of the same element or a different element
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unstable isotopes examples

1. x-ray film
2. Geiger counter (through noise)
3. Scintillation medium (flashes of light)
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Mendeleev
Arranged elements according to their atomic mass (P + N)
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Mosely
Arranged elements according to atomic number (# of Protons)
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atomic number
number of protons
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atomic mass
number of protons and neutrons
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how to find the number of neutrons
atomic mass - number of protons

ex:

Carbon:

12 - 6 = 6

Fluoride:

19 - 9 = 10

Chloride:

35 - 17 = 18
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Bonds
Atoms bond to become more stable

* forms molecules by filling outer energy level
* can bond by either gaining/ giving/ sharing
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Ionic bond
gaining and giving up electrons
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positive ion
cation (more protons)
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negative ion
Anion (more electrons)
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covalent bond
sharing of outer level electrons and can be shared in a nonpolar or polar manner

_______________
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octet bond
when the rule of outer bonds of 8 is satisfied
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nonpolar covalent bond:
equal sharing of electrons
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polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons

hydrophobic (wa
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hydrogen bond
the attraction of opposite partial charges.

causes pulling and tension

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PH scale
power of hydrogen measured.

water: 7

humans: 7.4

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buffer
molecule that resists a change in PH
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natural state
homeostasis
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buffer in body
bicarbonate and carbonic acid
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Biochemicals
molecules of life and are all organic (contain carbon)
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Single bond
Single bond
chemical bond between two atoms involving two valence electrons.

Covalent bond
chemical bond between two atoms involving two valence electrons.

 Covalent bond
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Double bond
Double bond

1. a chemical bond in which two pairs of __electrons__ are shared between two __atoms__.

1. a chemical bond in which two pairs of __electrons__ are shared between two __atoms__.
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Triple bond
a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond. T

L
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4 classes of Biochemicals

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates
Sugars + starch
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monosaccharide
Simple sugars and sweet

Monosaccharide and Disaccharide
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Monosaccharide examples

1. Glucose
2. Fructose

(Contains 5-6 carbon sugars)
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Monosaccharide module
Chain and ring
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Disaccharide examples
lactose, glucose, sucrose, Mattose

6 sided shape, house
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Hydrocarbon backbone
C-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-H
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Alcohol
OH + c-c-c-c-
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Amine group
C-c-c-c-c-c+ N-H+-H
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Acid group
C-c-c-c-c-c+C=O + -OH
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Ketone, aldehyde group
C-c-c-c-c-c-c+ =O
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Phosphate group (DNA)
C-c-c-c-c-c-c+ -P-O-O=O
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Polysaccharide
Complex carbohydrates


1. Starch
2. Cellulose
3. Glycogen
4. Chitin
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Starch is found in
Plants, energy storage
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Cellulose
Makes up cell walls in plants
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Glycogen
In animals, energy storage, liver muscle
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Chitin
In insects, exoskeleton, fungi cell wall
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Lipids
any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are __insoluble__ in water but soluble in organic solvents.


1. Energy storage
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Triglycerides
\
C-C-C

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
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Saturated f.a
C-C-C-C-C-C

All single bonds

Solid at room temperature
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Unsaturated f.a
C-C-C-C-C=C-C

At least one double bond

Liquid at room temperature
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polyunsaturated fatty acids
2+ double bonds

Omega-3 f.a

Anti-inflammatory

First double bond is found in 3rd fatty end
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Omega-6 f.a examples
Corn

Peanuts
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Omega-3 f.a
Fish, flax seed, walnut, leafy green, chia seeds

Essential to human diets
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Trans fat
Product of hydrogenation process

Helps/ prevents polyunsaturated fats not go bad
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CIS
process of hydrogenation process

bent on same sides
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transconfiguration
like an arrow down from opposite sides.

has a higher melting point

contributes to heart disease
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phospholipids
found in membrane structure

Phosphate grp + 2 f.a + 1 glycerol
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phospholipid head
polar and hydrophilic
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phospholipid fatty acid tails
nonpolar and hydrophobic
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sterols
cholesterol- in animal cell membranes

precursor to hormones

testosterones

vitamin D

estrogen
cholesterol- in animal cell membranes

precursor to hormones

testosterones

vitamin D

estrogen
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waxes
long chain of f.a + alcohol

coatings on leaves o prevent water loss or found in hair
long chain of f.a + alcohol

coatings on leaves o prevent water loss or found in hair
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Proteins
enzyme, hormones, antibodies, structure, transport

* shape determines the function
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Primary structure (protein)
Linked amino acids
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peptide bond
bond between Amino acids and protein
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secondary structure (Protein)
hydrogen bonding

* helix (coil)
* B-sheet (silk)
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tertiary structure
fold upon self (other bonds)

* globula (enzymes)
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Quartiary structure (protein)
2 or more polypides

* hemoglobin
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Denaturation
destroy of 3D shape
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how is Denaturation done?

1. by heat


1. by changing of PH
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Janssens
spectade makers, 2 lenses together
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Galileo
improved on 1st microscope
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Robert Hooke
corks made of compartments (cellule) (cells)
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Anton Van Leewenhock
FATHER OF MICROSCOPY

* made fine lenses 270xs
* viewed animalcules
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Robert Brown
Nucleus- for development
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Schleidon
all plants have cells
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Schwann
all animals have cells
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Rudolph Virchow
All cells came from pre-existing cells
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Cell theory
the cell is the smallest unit of life, and they come from pre-existing cells.
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Animal Cell
does not have a cell wall

does not have chloroplast

\
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plant cell
does not have a centriole
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flagella
tails of bacteria that control locomotion
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Prokaryotic
no nucleus
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Eukaryotic
has a nucleus