Bio Exam 1

Scientific method steps

Scientific method steps

1. Observation

2. Hypothesis

3. Test

4. Conclusion

Does data always prove hypothesis?

No. Conclusions reject hypothesis, accepts hypothesis, supports.

Inductive reasoning

Specific to general

Ex. One bacteria(specific) and all bacteria (all bacteria)

Aspects of science

1. Repeatable

2. Can be verified and edited

3. Dynamic

4. Objective

Limitations of science

1. Some things can’t be tested

2. Equipment/ tech is limited or unavailable

3. People can’t accept or aren’t ready to accept hypothesis

Science creates

1. Model

2. Theory

3. Law

Chemistry

Deals with the composition and property of matter.

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

1. Liquid

2. Solid

3. Gas

4. Plasma

Oxygen

Most in body of mass

Carbon

#1 in all organisms by # of atoms

Hydrogen

#1 in universe

Atom

(Un-cuttable)

Smallest unit of matter

Proton

+1 charge

Mass of 1

Found in nucleus

Neutron

0 charge

Mass of 1

Found in nucleus

Electron

-1 charge

No mass

Found in the space area energy levels

Rutherford gold foil experiment

Particles went straight through the space of the atom

All positive charge was held in the common nucleus of the atom

Light charges repel

Bohr experiment

Heated elements

If electron displaces energy, it would show dissipating energy through singular color

what is inside the nucleus ( atomic mass)

Neurons and protons

First level of atom

1. Lower level

2. Holds 2 electrons

Second level of atom

Holds 8 electrons

Third level of atom

Highest level

Can hold 18 electrons

Only 8 are involved with bonding

Isotopes

Same # protons, different # neutrons

unstable isotope

Carbon14

isotopes which radioactively decay to form new stable isotopes of the same element or a different element

unstable isotopes examples

1. x-ray film

2. Geiger counter (through noise)

3. Scintillation medium (flashes of light)

Mendeleev

Arranged elements according to their atomic mass (P + N)

Mosely

Arranged elements according to atomic number (# of Protons)

atomic number

number of protons

atomic mass

number of protons and neutrons

how to find the number of neutrons

atomic mass - number of protons

ex:

Carbon:

12 - 6 = 6

Fluoride:

19 - 9 = 10

Chloride:

35 - 17 = 18

Bonds

Atoms bond to become more stable

• forms molecules by filling outer energy level

  • can bond by either gaining/ giving/ sharing

Ionic bond

gaining and giving up electrons

positive ion

cation (more protons)

negative ion

Anion (more electrons)

covalent bond

sharing of outer level electrons and can be shared in a nonpolar or polar manner

_______________

octet bond

when the rule of outer bonds of 8 is satisfied

nonpolar covalent bond:

equal sharing of electrons

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

hydrophobic (wa

hydrogen bond

the attraction of opposite partial charges.

causes pulling and tension

---------------

PH scale

power of hydrogen measured.

water: 7

humans: 7.4

buffer

molecule that resists a change in PH

natural state

homeostasis

buffer in body

bicarbonate and carbonic acid

Biochemicals

molecules of life and are all organic (contain carbon)

Single bond

chemical bond between two atoms involving two valence electrons.

Covalent bond

Double bond

1. a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

Triple bond

a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond. T

L

4 classes of Biochemicals

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Sugars + starch

monosaccharide

Simple sugars and sweet

Monosaccharide and Disaccharide

Monosaccharide examples

1. Glucose

2. Fructose

(Contains 5-6 carbon sugars)

Monosaccharide module

Chain and ring

Disaccharide examples

lactose, glucose, sucrose, Mattose

6 sided shape, house

Hydrocarbon backbone

C-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-H

Alcohol

OH + c-c-c-c-

Amine group

C-c-c-c-c-c+ N-H+-H

Acid group

C-c-c-c-c-c+C=O + -OH

Ketone, aldehyde group

C-c-c-c-c-c-c+ =O

Phosphate group (DNA)

C-c-c-c-c-c-c+ -P-O-O=O

Polysaccharide

Complex carbohydrates

1. Starch

2. Cellulose

3. Glycogen

4. Chitin

Starch is found in

Plants, energy storage

Cellulose

Makes up cell walls in plants

Glycogen

In animals, energy storage, liver muscle

Chitin

In insects, exoskeleton, fungi cell wall

Lipids

any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

1. Energy storage

Triglycerides

C-C-C

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Saturated f.a

C-C-C-C-C-C

All single bonds

Solid at room temperature

Unsaturated f.a

C-C-C-C-C=C-C

At least one double bond

Liquid at room temperature

polyunsaturated fatty acids

2+ double bonds

Omega-3 f.a

Anti-inflammatory

First double bond is found in 3rd fatty end

Omega-6 f.a examples

Corn

Peanuts

Omega-3 f.a

Fish, flax seed, walnut, leafy green, chia seeds

Essential to human diets

Trans fat

Product of hydrogenation process

Helps/ prevents polyunsaturated fats not go bad

CIS

process of hydrogenation process

bent on same sides

transconfiguration

like an arrow down from opposite sides.

has a higher melting point

contributes to heart disease

phospholipids

found in membrane structure

Phosphate grp + 2 f.a + 1 glycerol

phospholipid head

polar and hydrophilic

phospholipid fatty acid tails

nonpolar and hydrophobic

sterols

cholesterol- in animal cell membranes

precursor to hormones

testosterones

vitamin D

estrogen

waxes

long chain of f.a + alcohol

coatings on leaves o prevent water loss or found in hair

Proteins

enzyme, hormones, antibodies, structure, transport

• shape determines the function

Primary structure (protein)

Linked amino acids

peptide bond

bond between Amino acids and protein

secondary structure (Protein)

hydrogen bonding

• helix (coil)

• B-sheet (silk)

tertiary structure

fold upon self (other bonds)

• globula (enzymes)

Quartiary structure (protein)

2 or more polypides

• hemoglobin

Denaturation

destroy of 3D shape

how is Denaturation done?

1. by heat

   1. by changing of PH

Janssens

spectade makers, 2 lenses together

Galileo

improved on 1st microscope

Robert Hooke

corks made of compartments (cellule) (cells)

Anton Van Leewenhock

FATHER OF MICROSCOPY

• made fine lenses 270xs

  • viewed animalcules

Robert Brown

Nucleus- for development

Schleidon

all plants have cells

Schwann

all animals have cells

Rudolph Virchow

All cells came from pre-existing cells

Cell theory

the cell is the smallest unit of life, and they come from pre-existing cells.

Animal Cell

does not have a cell wall

does not have chloroplast

plant cell

does not have a centriole

flagella

tails of bacteria that control locomotion

Prokaryotic

no nucleus

Eukaryotic

has a nucleus