Unit 3

Teratogens

Chemicals that reach fetus during its development

Menarche

Girls first period

Female sex chromosomes

xx

gender

attitude/behaviors that a culture associates with a person’s sex

Piaget’s stages

sensorimotor

pre-operational

concrete operational

formal operational

sensorimotor (key)

object permanence

pre-operational (key)

conservation, pretend/parallel play, egocentrism

concrete operational

7-11 ability to think about concrete events

formal operational

12+ think about abstract events

sensorimotor stage

birth-2 only know the world by what is seen, heard, etc

pre-operational stage

2-7 learns language but doesn’t comprehend concrete knowledge

reversability

mental operation that reverses sequences of events, restoring chronological orders

animism

giving inanimate objects feelings

scaffolding

vygotsky- guided practice

zone of proximal development

what a child can do with help

crystallized intelligence

accumulated knowledge, verbal skills - increases with age

fluid intelligence

ability to reason with speed and abstractly- decreases with age

syntax

rules- combining words into sentences

ecological systems theory

micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono

parenting styles

permissive, authoritative, authoritarian,

avoidant attachment

when parent doesn’t show care or responsiveness

temperment

one’s natural emotional reactivity

Erickson’s stages

trust/mistrust

autonomy/shame & doubt

initiative/guilt

industry/inferiority

identity/role confusion

genaravity/stagnation

integrity/despair

classical conditioning

two stimuli are linked

acquisition

when a behavior has been learned

discrimination (classical)

learned ability to distinguish between CS and other stimuli that have not been associated with CS

discrimination (operant)

ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from those that aren’t

primary reinforcers

innately reinforcing stimulus (biologically)

positive reinforcement

increasing behavior by presenting favourable stimulus

correlation coefficient

the closer to ±1, the stronger the correlation

broca’s area

left frontal lobe, responsible for speaking

Werenickes area

left temporal lobe, understanding language

Watson and Rayner

little albert

Language determinism

whorf- hypothesis that language determines the way we thing

language relativism

language only influences the way we think

higher order conditioning

the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second CS

Fixed Ratio

the number of times an action must be done in order to receive an award

variable ratio

a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.

variable interval

a schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

fixed interval

a set amount of time between occurrences of a reward