Forensics quiz 2/ FINAL

Forensic anthropology

^{The skeletal analysis of human remains in legal and humanitarian contexts} 

archeological; biological

Forensic anthropology often combines ____________ and ____________ subcategories

repatriations; mass fatalities

The four main forensic archeological contexts which includes domestic, international, ________, and ______ __________

Clandestine

What type of graves do forensic archeologists look for?

Tool

Influence on clandestine grave: ______ availability

state of mind

Influence on clandestine grave: _________ ____ _________ of perpetrator

Environmental

Influence on clandestine grave: ____________ conditions

Relative dating

Dating an action or an item based on the surroundings (how deep it may be buried, clothing or accessories associated, etc.)

Taphonomy

Natural post-mortem processes that will change the skeleton

Ornamental

Vegetation indicator of body: ________ plants

fungal

Vegetation indicator of body: ________ growth

Age

Vegetation indicator of body: ______ of plants

Nutrients; increased

When a body decomposes, it leaks into the soil which provides ________ and ultimately leads to __________ plant growth

porous; increased

If a body is buried in something _______, there will be ________ plant growth

decreased; stunted

If a body is buried in something non-penetrable, there will be _________ plant growth because the plant is _________

Yucca’s; east

_________ have significance in African American cemeteries on the ________ coast. This plant can sometimes mean an unmarked African American burial

Stratigraphy

Referring to every soil horizon together

Horizon

Distinct layers of soil

Mottling

Mixing of soil strata

Horizon A

Soil level that is dark, chocolatey and appears right under grass

Horizon B

Soil level that is orange in color with more clay

Horizon C

Soil level that is mainly clay

Horizon D

Soil level that is gravel

Horizon E

Soil level that is bedrock

Never; original

Once soil has been disturbed, it will _____ go back to _____ layering 

Coffin

“Dracula” style, wooden. Eventually breaks down and leads to grave slump

Casket

Rectangular and ornamental. Put inside concrete liner before being put in ground. No grave slump 

Probe

Tool used in forensic archeology: Metal rod with a point at the end that detects soil disturbance

Auger

Tool used in forensic archeology: A metal rod with “windows” that show soil layers as you pull it out of the ground

Geochemical studies

Taking samples of fat and blood proteins in soil

Aerial

Photography: Used to identify unusual features and/ or patches of vegetation, especially when the sun is at a low angle

Satellite

Photography: Used to determine locations of individual clandestine graves or mass graves

UV

Photography: Good for enhancing tattoos, bones will also fluoresce 

Thermography

Measuring heat sources

Night vision

Requires light for detecting sources

Seismology

Used to discover areas: Uses seismic waves (vibration) to identify cause of mass fatalities

Lidar

Used to discover areas: Can strip away trees to reveal structures on and under gorund

Side scan

Used to discover areas: Used to find people in water by using transects. Must do at 25cm (1 foot) intervals to ensure that radar will hit body

Ground penetrating radar

Used to discover area: Uses electromagnetic imaging to see beneath surface through areas such as soil, pavement, concrete, ice, water, etc. to detect disturbance in ground.

Hyperbola

The signal that bounces between ground and back up to visualize disturbance in ground penetrating radar

skeletons

What can GPR NOT “see”?

water; rocks

_______, GPS signals, roots, and _______ can all affect the results of a GPR scan

salt

What mineral does GPR scans not work well with?

4

GPR should not be used after ______- years on a naked body

10

GPR should not be used after _________ years on a wrapped body

Ochre

Archaeological remains: have signs of __________

Flexed

Archaeological remains: body may be in ___________ position

Bundle; mound

Archaeological remains: _________ and _________ burials

Cranial

Archaeological remains: Artificial ________ deformation

Staining

Cemetery remains: coffin __________

shroud pin

cemetery remains: _________ ____ stains

Clark vaults

^{Funeral company that promised a casket that would prevent further decomp. Supposed to be waterproof, bug proof, burglar proof, etc.}  

Accidentally

Humans remains are more often discovered ___________ then they are by organized search

Least effort principle

Thought process used by investigators to find body existing upon the idea that people will spend the least amount of effort possible to make clandestine grave 

Routine activity principle

: Thought process used by investigators to determine body location by recognizes perpetrators routine activities

Winthropping

Offenders are influenced by landscapes and drawn to boundaries. Therefore, bodies may be buried in areas near significant landmarks

2 1/2

Clandestine graves are usually no deeper than _________ feet 

2-3

If buried at 4 feet, skeletonization can take ______ __ _______ years

Document

Anything containing marks, symbols, or signs that convey a meaning or message to someone 

Question document

Documents whose authenticity is being questioned

Zaner Bloser; Palmer

Two most common copy book techniques for learning to write are __________ ______ and ________

7

Writing style typically goes through changes to every ______ years

Signature

The most stable part of handwriting is the ___________

Unique

Law of handwriting: Every handwriting is __________

Variation

Law of handwriting: _________ exists within and individuals handwriting

Exemplar

Handwriting data type: Standard and has to capture entire range of variation in an individuals handwriting

Dictated

Handwriting data type: Having a suspect write certain phrases

Chronological; temporal

Anthropology looks at what two kinds of birthdays?

Birthday

A chronological age refers to someone’s _________

Period

A temporal age refers to a ______ in time

Osteological paradox

Did people who had bone damage die because they were sick or were the people who had no damage die because their bodies didn’t survive long enough to show damage?

disparity; mixed

The way anthropology describes ethnicity is problematic because there is too much _______ between people and many people have __________ ancestry

biological anthropology

Adaptations of human skeleton to environment

primatology anthropology

relationship between us now and early humans

Mounds

Stage 1 of disturbed soil: After a few days, there will be __________

Level

Stage 2 of disturbed soil: After a few weeks, soil will begin to _______ out

Grave slump

Stage 3 of disturbed soil: After months, there will be signs of ______ _________

Wild Bill Longley

Name of bank robber whose grave was identified by photo comparison?

1/2

Bodies are usually found ________ from an intersection

white collar

question documents are usually involved in _________ _________ crimes

Friction Ridges

ridges that we have on tips of our fingers, palms of hands, and soles of feet (including toes) 

grip: smooth

Ridges give us our ____ ability and allow us to walk across ______ surfaces without slipping

Nail striations

The dermal papillae’s only job is to create friction ridges and _____ ________

oil glands

In the areas of friction ridges, the dermis have no _____ ________

Epidermis

The outermost skin layer that sludges off

Dermis

The permanent layer of skin that contains glands and vessels

oil: sweat

The dermis contains both _________ and ______ glands

Known prints

Prints that have been matched to a person

Questioned prints

unknown prints, the ones trying to be identified  

16

Prints are unique to an individual by _______ weeks and will grow but not change 

65%

How much of the population have loop prints?

30%

How much of the population have whirl prints?

5%

How much of the population have arch prints?

Type line

Fingerprint anatomy: The ridges of a print but do not contribute to the pattern. They surround the pattern

Core

Fingerprint anatomy: The central most portion of the fingerprint pattern

Delta

Fingerprint anatomy: Where ridges meet together

1;1

Loops have ___ core and ___ delta

1;2

Whirls have ____ core and ____ deltas

0;0

Arches have ____ cores and ____ deltas

Minituae

Individual characteristics in fingerprints