Studied by 0 peopleanxiety disorders
feelings of worry and fearfulness that last for months at a time
commodification
the changing of something not generally thought of as a commodity into something that can be bought and sold in a marketplace
contested illnesses
illnesses that are questioned or considered questioned or considered questionable by some medical professionals
demedicalization
the social process that normalizes "sick" the social process that normalizes "sick" behavior
disability
a reduction in one's ability to perform everyday tasks; the World Health Organization notes that this is a social limitation
epidemiology
the study of the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases
impairment
the physical limitations a less-able person faces
individual mandate
a government rule that requires to have insurance coverage or they will have to pay a penalty
medical sociology
the systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and healthcare for both the sick and the healthy
medicalization
the process by which aspects of life that were considered bad or deviant are redefined as sickness and needing medical attention to remedy
medicalization of deviance
the process that changes "bad" behavior into "sick" behavior
mood disorders
long-term, debilitating illnesses like depression and bipolar disorder
morbidity
the incidence (occurrence) of disease
mortality
the number of deaths in a given time or place
personality disorders
disorders that cause people to behave in ways that are seen as abnormal to society but seem normal to them
private healthcare
health insurance that a person buys from a private company; private healthcare can either be employer-sponsored or direct-purchase
public healthcare
health insurance that is funded or provided by the government
social epidemiology
the study of the causes and distribution of diseases; the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population
socialized medicine
when the government owns and runs the entire healthcare system
stereotype interchangeability
stereotypes that don't change and that get recycled for application to a new subordinate group
stigmatization
the act of spoiling someone's identity; they are labeled as different, discriminated against, and sometimes even shunned due to an illness or disability
stigmatization of illness
illnesses that are discriminated against and whose sufferers are looked down upon or even shunned by society
underinsured
people who spend at least 10 percent of their income on healthcare costs that are not covered by insurance
universal healthcare
a system that guarantees healthcare for everyone
health
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
disease model
patients are first diagnosed and then treated for illness; critics argue that there is lack of emphasis on prevention
Characteristics of U.S. Healthcare
does not provide universal healthcare
includes healthcare delivers (doctors, clinics)
for-profit insurance companies
government programs that provide health care for aged and the poor
Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
aimed to address the problem of too many uninsured Americans
Medicare
provides health insurance to older Americans
Medicaid
Provides health insurance to poor Americans
Key Provisions of the Affordable Care Act
expansion of availability of health care insurance to all Americans
insurance companies may not deny coverage to children (under age 19) because of preexisting conditions
elimination of lifetime coverage limits on insurance coverage
insurance plans must cover preventive care, such as mammograms and colonoscopies, without charging deductibles and co-pays
young adults are allowed to stay on parents' plan until age 26
early retirees keep their employer-sponsored benefits until they are eligible for Medicare
Functionalism Analysis of Health, Medicine, and Illness
key is to keep society's members healthy, illness is "dysfunctional" because it reduces people's ability to perform their roles in society; "sick role"; legitimation by the physician; responsibility of sick personn
sick role
the pattern of expectations that define appropriate behavior for the sick and for those who take care of them; must look the part; society provides medical care but also a role
legitimation
the act of a physician certifying an illness is genuine
responsibility of sick person
try to get well, seek medical care
Conflict Theory of Health, Medicine, and Illness
health and health care reflects broader inequalities in society, health status, access to health care; commodification of health, healthcare system is rooted in capitalism, healthcare is a commodity; emphasizes disparities in access to health care and in health; comparing health care access in United States to other industrialized countries
Symbolic Interaction Analysis of Health, Medicine, and Illness
the importance of social construction, issues of diagnosis, importance of American Medical Association in determining illness, implications; contested illness
sustainable development
development that occurs without depleting or damaging the natural envrionment
asylum-seekers
those who claim to refugee status have not been validated
cancer cluster
a geographic area with high levels of cancer in it’s population
carrying capacity
the amount of people that can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources
climate change
long-term shifts in temperature and climate due to human activity
concentric zone model
a model of human ecology that views cities as a series of circular rings or zones
cornucopian theory
a theory that asserts human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate resources for a growing population
demographic transition theory
a theory that describes four stages of population growth, following patterns that connect birth and death rates with stages of industrial development
demography
the study of population
e-waste
the disposal of broken, obsolete, and worn-out electronics
environmental racism
the burdening of economically and socially disadvantaged communities with a disproportionate share of environmental hazards
environmental sociology
the sociological subfield that addresses the relationship between humans and the environment
exurbs
communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents high socioeconomic status
fertility rate
a measure noting the actual number of children born
fracking
hydraulic fracturing, a method used to recover gas and oil from shale by drilling down into the earth and directing a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and proprietary chemicals into the rock
gentrification
the entry of upper- and upper-class residents to city areas or communities that have been historically less affluent
human ecology
a functionalist perspective that looks at the relationship between people and their built and natural environment
internally displaced person
someone who fled his or her home while remaining inside the country’s borders
Malthusian theory
a theory asserting that population is controlled through positive checks (war, famine, disease) and preventative checks (measures to reduce fertility)
magalopolis
a large urban corridor that encompasses several cities surrounding suburbs and exurbs
metropolis
the area that includes a city and its suburbs and exurbs
mortality rate
a measure of the number of people in a population who die
NIMBY
“Not In My Back Yard” the tendency of people to protest poor environmental practices when those practices will affect them directly
pollution
the introduction of contaminants into an environment at levels that are damaging
population composition
a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality, and migration rates
population pyramid
a graphic representation that depicts population distribution according to age and sex
refugee
an individual who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
sex ratio
the ratio of men to women in a given population
suburbs
the communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute
urban sociology
the subfield of sociology that focuses on the study of urbanization
urbanization
the study of the social, political, and economic relationships of cities
white flight
the migration of economically secure white people from racially mixed urban areas toward the suburbs
zero population growth
a theoretical goal in which the number of people entering a population through birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration
early pioneers of environmental sociology
Dunlap, Catton, Schnaiberg, Buttell, Freudenberg
Treadmill of Production
focuses on capitalist accumulation; environmental withdraws and additions
key scholars of treadmill of production
Schnaiber, Gould, Pellow
Ecological Modernization
emphasizes the ways technology can improve environmental conditions
key scholars of ecological modernization
Mol, Spaargarten, Cohen
Total number of people in society at any given time are based on these variables:
births, deaths, and migrations
crude birthrate
number of babies born each year for every 1,000 members of the population
crude death rate
number of deaths each year per 1,000 people
life expectancy
the average life span of a country’s population
acting crowds
crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal
alternative movements
social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals
assembling perspective
a theory that credits individuals as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action
casual crowds
people who share close proximity without really interacting
collective behavior
a noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage
conventional crowds
people who come together for a regularly scheduled event
crowd
a fairly large number of people who share close proximity
crowdsourcing
the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people
diagnostic framing
a social problem that is stated in a clear, easily understood manner
emergent norm theory
a perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior
expressive crowds
crowds who share opportunities to express emotions
flash mob
a large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time
frame alignment process
using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement
mass
a relatively large group with a common interest, even if they may not be in close proximity
modernization
the process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies
motivational framing
a call to action
new social movement theory
a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories
NGO
nongovernmental organizations working globally for numerous humanitarian and environmental causes
prognostic framing
social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation
public
an unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who share ideas
reform movements
movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure
Note
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