rutgers anatomy and physiology

What is the study of physiology?

How living organisms perform their vital functions

The ability of an organism to sense change that takes place within its body is an example of:

Responsivness

What organ system is responsible for the production of the blood cells?

The skeletal system

Homeostasis may be defined as the physiological process by which:

The body responds to normal and abnormal conditions and maintains equilibrium

The lower the PH of a substance, the higher the concentration of:

H+ (Hydrogen Ions)

What substances comprise over 95% of the human body?

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, & nitrogen.

What plane could be used to separate the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity?

The transverse plane

The anatomical position is described as follows:

The human body is standing upright, feet together, and palms facing anteriorly.

A_section divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Frontal/coronal

The main function of the respiratory system is:

to deliver air to the lungs

The system that controls and coordinates the body through hormones is the:

The endocrine system

The muscular system consists of the:

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons

What system covers the external surface of the body and protects deeper tissues?

Integumentary system

Positive feedback systems are:

a process where stimuli produce a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change (Ex:blood clotting, labor)

When correctly situated in anatomical position, where are your feet in relation to your knees:

Distal

List the orientation terms that have opposite meanings (in humans):

Distal & proximal

What regional term means the anterior surface of the elbow?

Antecubital

Mandy pulled a muscle in the inguinal region. What is this region also known as?

The groin

Describe the relationship between the patellar and popliteal regions.

The patellar region is anterior to the popliteal region.

The region that refers to the fingers and toes is the:

The digital region

The thoracic cavity is ___to the abdominopelvic cavity.

superior

What body cavity can be subdivided into four quadrants and nine regions?

Abdomniopelvic cavity

The lungs and heart are situated in the body cavity.

Thoracic cavity

The dorsal body cavity houses the:

Spinal cord and brain

A section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into equal right and left parts is called:

The sagittal plane

What ventral cavity subdivision has no bony protection?

Abdominal

The name of the bond that forms when one atom loses an electron and another atom accepts the electron is:

Ionic bond

What is the single most abundant protein in the body?

Collagen

What isotope is most likely to be used to study the thyroid gland?

Iodine-141

Glucose belongs to a category of carbohydrates referred to as the:

Monosaccharides

A cell membrane that permits the passage of only certain select materials based on its function is said to be:

Selectively permeable

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are synthesized from basic building blocks by:

The removal of a molecule of water between the basic units (dehydration synthesis)

Passive membrane transport processes include:

Movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

What would be the effect of administering an intravenous infusion of a hypertonic aqueous sodium chloride solution?

One would observe a net movement of water from the intracellular compartment to the extracelluar fluid compartment.

As a result of mitotic cell division, each daughter cell has:

The same number of chromosomes as the parent

Vesicles are formed by an action of the:

Cell membrane

What is the analysis of the internal structure of individual cells called?

cytology

Skin, hair, and nails are associated with the system.

Integumentary

When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of:

Negative feedback

In general, the lipids we refer to as oils have

a high degree of unsaturated bonds

A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed an

effector

The number of electrons in an atom is equal to:

the number of protons

A polar covalent bond occurs when:

two atoms share electrons equally

What do buffers do in terms of pH?

maintain a relatively constant pH

What are enzymes?

protein molecules that act as biological catalyst

What are the four main tissue categories?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What are the functions of epithelia?

Protection, secretion, absorption, permeability control

How are epithelial tissues classified?

By shape and number of layers

The non-living intracellular material in connective tissue is called the:

Matrix

Elongated cells capable of contractions would be placed in which basic tissue category?

Muscle

The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air is:

simple squamous epithelial

The three general categories of connective tissues are:

connective tissue proper (loose/dense), fluid connective (blood/lymph), and support connective (cartilage/bone)

What attaches skeletal muscles to bones?

Tendons

What connects one bone to another?

ligaments

What cells engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue?

macrophages

What cells initiate the inflammatory response when stimulated?

mast cells

What cells respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair?

mesenchymal cells

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to:

bone

During an inflammation response to injury, what response is least likely in the region of the injury?

cold, pale skin

What category of muscle tissues does not have striations?

smooth

What cells store fat?

Adipose cells (adipocytes)

The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is:

collagen fibers

Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are:

endocrine glands

What cells produce the protein fibers in areolar connective tissue?

Fibroblasts

What is the outer layer of skin called?

Epidermis

In treating a burned patient, the "rule of nines" is used to estimate:

The percentage of surface area affected

What protein in epidermal cells make the skin relatively waterproof?

Keratin

The secretion from what gland, in conjunction with bacteria cause body odor?

Apocrine glands

What is merocrine secretion?

A mode of secretion in which the cell ejects materials from secretory vesicles through exocytosis

What is apocrine secretion?

A mode of secretion in which the glandular cell sheds portions of its cytoplasm

What is holocrine secretion?

A form of exocrine secretion in which the secretory cell becomes swollen with vesicles and then ruptures

What protein protects the inner living skin from the damaging effects or ultraviolet rays?

Melanin

The epidermal layer containing a single layer of mitotically active columnar cells is the:

Stratum basale

The subcutaneous layer is distinguishable from the dermis by its abundance of:

adipose tissue

What may develop due to the rupturing of the dermis?

stretch marks

What are the two general components of the integumentary system?

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

The tough "horny" superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the

Stratum basale/germanitivim

What is the bluish coloration of skin due to the presence of deoxygenated blood near the body surface called?

cyanosis

Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of

melanin

An important vitamin that is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight is

vitamin D

What protein permits stretching and recoiling of the skin?

elastin

Skin inflammation that primarily involves the papillary layer is termed:

dermatitis

While assessing a patient, you discover that after pinching the skin on the back of the hand, it remained peaked. This is a sign of:

dehydration

What are the accessory organs of the skin?

hair, nails, exocrine glands

What happens when the arrestor pili muscles contract?

Hairs become erect (goosebumps)

Hair turns gray or white due to:

lack of pigment and air bubbles in the medulla of the hair shaft

Explain the immediate response the skin has to injury

bleeding occurs and scab forms (inflammatory and migratory phase)

What protein reduces water loss at the skin surface?

keratin

An albino individual lacks the ability to produce:

melanin

What are epidermal ridges?

fingerprints

What layer of stem cells constantly divide to renew the epidermis?

basal cells

Jaundice is indicated by:

yellowing of skin and whites of eyes

What are bones that develop inside tendons called?

sesamoid bones

What part of the long bone is primarily responsible for a bone's growth?

Epiphysis

What is ossification?

the process of bone replacing tissue

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a:

cartilage model

What is the inferiormost part of the sternum called?

xiphoid process

What does the axial skeleton contain?

The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

80

The skull contains _ bones.

22