Microbial Metabolism (Catabolism)

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Flashcards covering main vocabulary from lecture notes on Microbial Metabolism.

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26 Terms

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Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions in a living organism; provides energy and makes molecules needed for cellular processes.

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Catabolism

Breaks down complex molecules, releases energy, and provides building blocks for anabolism.

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Anabolism

Uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules.

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Metabolic Pathway

A series of chemical reactions that produce important molecules for the cell.

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Catalyst

Speed up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to begin the reaction.

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Enzyme

Often has a name ending in -ase, is a biological catalyst, is not used up during the reaction, has an active site, acts only on a specific substrate, breaks covalent bonds, and forms new covalent bonds.

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Oxidoreductase

Oxidation-reduction reactions.

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Transferase

Transfer functional groups.

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Hydrolase

Hydrolysis.

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Lyase

Removal of atoms without hydrolysis.

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Isomerase

Rearrangement of atoms.

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Ligase

Joining of molecules; uses ATP.

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Apoenzyme

The enzyme protein (may be inactive when alone).

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Cofactor

A non-protein component, such as Mg2+.

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Coenzyme

An organic cofactor, such as coenzyme A (CoA) in the Krebs cycle.

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Holoenzyme

Apoenzyme plus cofactor (whole, active enzyme).

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Competitive inhibitors

Fill the active site of an enzyme and compete directly with the substrate.

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Noncompetitive inhibitors

Bind to another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) instead of the active site; change the shape of the enzyme and the active site so the enzyme cannot bind the substrate

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Ribozyme

An RNA molecule that functions as a catalyst.

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Catabolism

Extracts energy from organic compounds and stores it in chemical form (ATP).

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Anabolism

Uses energy.

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Aerobic Respiration

Requires O2.

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Anaerobic Respiration

Does not require O2; may require the absence of O2.

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Fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation (produces acid) and alcohol fermentation (produces ethanol and CO2).

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Glycolysis

Oxidizes a glucose molecule.

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Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions

One molecule donates one or more electrons and is oxidized; another molecule accepts the electron(s) and is reduced.