Bio 1 Study Guide

Which of the following cytoskeletal elements is NOT currently matched and is not matched with a structure which is found?

Myosin - microtubule

In photosynthesis, electrons are used to reduce CO2 to simple sugars, and oxygen is produced. Which of the following is the ultimate electron...

Water

Which of the following best explains why many studies of competition have been conducted on islands?

Island systems tend to have a high number of transient species than continental systems do

Approximately how many protein-coding genes are there in the entire human genome?

25000

Which of the following situations represents the greatest potential danger of Rh protein incompatibility?

An Rh-negative mother pregnant with her first Rh-positive child

Which of the following is true about reproduction in mosses?

Water is required for fertilization

Which of the following statements about the process of nitrogen fixation in root nodules of legume plants is correct?

It utilizes nitrogenase to produce NH4+ from N2

Which of the following is NOT necessary for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

An approximately equal number of males and females

Gulls nesting in dense colonies tend to fledge fewer young than gulls in less dense colonies. Which of the following is the LEAST

In dense colonies, gull chicks are exposed to more parasites

Which of the following experimental results best demonstrates that a particular "clicking" sound in a social insect has a communication function?

Individuals change their behavior upon hearing a recording of that sound???

Which of the following is a vital enzyme that catalyzes the production of DNA using RNA as a template?

Reverse transcriptase

The annual rings of hardwood trees are composed of which of the following tissues?

Xylem

Which of the following evolutionary processes helps to maintain genetic polymorphism in a population?

Heterozygote advantage

A population that grows until it reaches carrying capacity is controlled by the balance of

density-dependent vs. density-independent factors

Ichthyosaurs were aquatic reptiles whose closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles. Based on fossil evidence, it is known that they had dorsal fins and tails very similar to those of living fishes. The dorsal fins and tails shared by ichthyosaurs and fish are examples of

plesiomorphies

A flower that lacks stamens CANNOT

form pollen

The genes X, Y and Z are located on the same chromosome. Which of the following genotypes would be best to cross with the trihybrid (XxYyZz) in order to determine the map distances between these genes

XxYyZz

When highly inbred lines of the same species are crossed with one another, F1 progeny often exhibit greater vigor than either of the parent line. This F1 progeny vigor would occur if the two inbred parental lines had...

different deleterious recessive mutations

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of the transition from primary to secondary growth in plants?

Parenchyma is the leaf that develops into the sclerenchyma

An active protein with a low pH optimum

Pepsin

A polypeptide secreted by the intestine and involved in the regulation of pancreatic and hepatic secretions into the small intestine

Cholecystokinin

A non-enzymatic material important for lipid digestion

Bile

A precursor of a potent pancreatic protease

Chymotrypsinogen

An ectothermic tetrapod amniote

lizard

Characterized by a primarily cartilaginous skeleton and synthesis of urea

Shark

Characterized by cutaneous respiration and high rates of water loss

Frog

Demonstrated that DNA replicates semiconservatively

Meselson and stahl

By infecting bacteria using radioactively labeled bacteriophage, determines that nucleic acid (not protein) is the hereditary material

Hersey and chase

Discovered that in any DNA sample the amount of A equals the amount of T, and the amount of G equals the amount of C

Chargaff

Which of the following traits is NOT characteristic of an r-selected plant species ?

relatively small number of offspring

Territoriality generally evolves as a result of:

density-dependent effects

Which of the following enzymes is LEAST likely to be found in a palisade mesophyll cell?

Dinitrogenase

Which of the following can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

ribosome

Which of the following is responsible for the primary structure of a protein?

peptide bonds

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is more likely to be prominent in cells from which of the following tissues?

páncreas

Which of the following is the most likely phenotype of a human whose karyotype indicates a somatic cell chromosome complement with only one X chromosome and no Y chromosome?

sterile female

Based on molecular and anatomical evidence, which of the following groups is most closely related to the vertebrates?

Tunicate

Which of the following tissues has major cell types that are dead at functional maturity?

xylem

Evolution by genetic drift occurs most rapidly in which of the following?

a small, isolated population

Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in the transformation of a eukaryotic cell to cancerous state?

deletion of a factor necessary for cell growth

The photosynthetic efficiency. defined as the percentage of solar radiation received by plants that is converted to net primary productivity, of most terrestrial ecosystems is

between 0.1% and 5%

Colchicine depolymerizes microtubules. At which stage of the cell cycle would administration of colchicine have the greatest effect?

M

An enzyme assay mixture with substrates, buffers and cofactors is monitored for 5 minutes. the enzyme is added and data collected for an additional 5 minutes, as shown above. What is the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction? PICTURE

30umol.min -1

Which of the following describes a likely response of plant communities to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2?

C3 plants will be able to compete more effectively against C4 plants

A mark recapture study of trout in a small lake was employed to estimate population size. In the first sample, 88 trout were caught and marked. In a second sample a few days later, 197 trout were captured, of which 43 contained the previous mark. Which of the following is the best estimate of number of individuals in the lake's trout population?

240

Two alleles, A and a, are present at a certain locus in a population of flowering plants. Among seed that have been collected from this population, the frequencies of the diploid genotypes are AA, Aa, and aa are 59%, 22% and 19%, respectively. Which of the following hypotheses is most plausible?

There is a tendency toward inbreeding in the population

The primary function of the plant hormone auxin is to

promote growth

All of the following statements regarding transposons are true EXCEPT

transposons are only capable of carrying genes necessary for insertion

Which of the following determines whether a chemical synapse is excitatory or inhibitory?

the type of postsynaptic receptors and associated ion channels

Which of the following becomes shorter as a direct result of contraction of skeletal muscle?

sarcomeres

Growing a plant in soil that is deficient in which of the following will most directly impair chlorophyll synthesis?

Magnesium

The structure of a biotic community may so depend on a certain species that removal of this species causes the extinction of certain other species from that community. Ecologists currently describe such a species as

a keystone species

Peptide hormones are effective in small concentrations because

their size allows them to circulate rapidly throughout an organism

A gardener crossed two petunias, each of which had pink flowers. Of the offspring that grew to maturity, 16 had red flowers, 30 had pink flowers, and 13 had white flowers. Which of the following is most likely the explanation for these results?

neither of the alleles for the flower color is dominant

Some cicada species (Class insecta) have life cycles that last either thirteen years or seventeen years. As juveniles, they feed on the roots of plants for years before emerging for a brief adult life that lasts about a month. Which of the following reasonable hypotheses for why these insects evolved such unusual life cycles?

the roots of various plant species cannot sustain the feeding of cicadas for more that thirteen or seventeen years

All of the following processes involve cell-mediated immunity EXCEPT

formation of antigen-antibody complexes

Which of the following best characterizes leg movement in a flea, a grasshopper, and a human?

A leg movement is controlled by antagonistic muscle pairs

Closure of plant stomata most directly involves which of the following?

movement of potassium ions out of guard cells

The biological species concept is generally not applicable to bacteria because bacteria

reproduced asexually

The processing of a heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) transcript involves all of the following EXCEPT

transport of spliced introns to the cytoplasm for translation

In classic experiments, aphids were allowed to insert their stylets into the phloem and the contents exuding from the stylets were analyzed. Transport rates for sucrose were found to be surprisingly high (nearly 100 cm.hr -1 ). Which of the following statements is best supported by the data?

diffusion alone cannot account for the rapid rate of phloem transport

Papilio memmon is a butterfly that exists in several morphs. Each morph mimics a different model. The wing shape and coloration patterns of each morph are products of a set of several loci held in strong linkage disequilibrium . Occasionally, a Papilio memmon is found that has the wing shape of one morph but the coloration of a different morph. Such an occasional butterfly is most likely a maladaptive

recombinant???

A fundamental tenet of evolutionary theory is that mutations are random. Which of the following statements best reflects this?

organisms do not direct the production of beneficial mutations

Which of the following hormones inhibits ovulation during pregnancy in mammals?

progesterone

Depends on base pair complementary to determine the size of an RNA molecule

Northern Blot

Requires hybridization of a set of primers with a template to amplify a specific nucleotide sequence

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Used to identify and determine the size of a specific protein within a mixture of proteins after electrophoresis and transfer to a filter

Western Blotting

A control element in eukaryotes located approximately 30 bp upstream from the transcription start site and bound by TFIID

TATA BOX

A sequence element in eukaryotic DNA that serves as a positive control of the transcription rate and may be located either upstream or downstream from the transcription start site

ENHANCER

The region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription in prokaryotes

promoter

Receptors in the retina that are responsible for color vision are called

cones

In angiosperms, disruption of which of the following processes by high temperatures is most likely to impair the development and function of the process?

shoot meristem formation in the embryo

Leaves of many temperate, deciduous trees often turn brilliant colors in the fall. Which of the following most accurately explains this phenomenon?

Carotenoids are unmasked by disappearing chlorophyll, and anthocyanins may be produced

Chthamalus, a species of barnacle, can grow and reprodcue throughout the intertidal zone. When the barnacle Balanus is laso present, Chthamalus is limited to areas of the upper tidal zone where Balanus cannot live. Which of the following best explains this relationship?

Competition with Balanus results in a smaller realized niche of Chthamalus

The extraembryonic membrane that encloses the mammalian embryo in a fluid-filled environment is the

amnion

Which of the following best represents an example of a positive feedback mechanism

effects of breast-feeding on prolactin

All of the following statements about ribosomes are true EXCEPT:

They have both RNA and protein components

Which of the following compounds produced by an apple would cause other apples to ripen?

Ethylene

The basis of selectivivity of penicillin in the killing of prokaryotic cells compared with eukaryotic cells lies in its ability to

weaken the plasma membrane of prokaryotic but not eukaryotic cells

Which of the following is NOT typically found in leaves?

Secondary phloem

In the testis of a mammal that has a diploid chromosome number of 24, a diploid cell that undergoes meiosis typically will produce

four sperm, each with 12 chromosomes

Eukaryotes use all of the following as a means of controlling gene expression EXCEPT

processing of the mRNA transcript

All of the following are natural forms of viral genomes EXCEPT

RNA-DNA hybrids

The seed coat of an angiosperm is derived from the

integuments

Which of the following is a consequence of unequal crossing-over during meiosis?

Chromosomal nondisjunction

In a classic experiment, aphids were allowed to insert their stylets into phloem and the contents exuading from the stylets were analyzed. Transport rates for sucrose were found to be surpisingly high (nearly 100cm-hr). Which of the following statements is best supported by the data?

Plants have contractile protein systems that force phloem contents through the tissue

The cells in a flowering plant's endodermis would most likely lack which of the following organelles?

Mitochondria

Plant root growth is inhibited by the hormone auxin. When roots are turned to the horizontal they eventually grow downward, exhibiting positive gravitropism. This is most likely due to

the presence of more auxin on the lower side of the root

When a peptidase cleaves the dipeptide shown below into its component parts, which of the following bonds is hydrolyzed?

D

Which of the following is an advantage of polar body formation compared with the possibility of the formation of four functional eggs from a single primary oocyte?

Conservation of nutritive materials stored in the oocyte cytoplasm

Single-celled algae that have a high lipid content are of interest to scientists as a source of biofuel. lipids in the cells are typically stored in protein-coated structures in the cytoplasm. Which of the following is most likely to be the major class of lipids within the cytoplasmic structures?

Triglycerides

Which of the following statements is true regarding acid rain?

It alters the species composition of lake communities

Unlike fungi, cellular slime molds

always have cellulose in their cell walls

Which of the following is part of global climate change that is caused by positive feedback involving CO2?

An increase in cloud cover caused by higher evaporation rates, leading to decreased rates of photosynthesis

Which of the following statements is correct about the viral genes that are transcribed immediately after infection of a bacteria by most DNA bacteriophages?

They use enzymes carried by the virus into the host