CC1 6TH LE

70-110 mg/dl

general normal blood glucose level

40-70 mg/dl

general normal CSF glucose level

60-75%

percentage of CSF glucose concentration in comparison to blood glucose concentration

approx. 2 hours

how long does it take to restore the CSF/blood glucose equilibrium

differential diagnosis of meningitis

significance of measurement of CSF glucose levels

screening/monitoring

urine glucose is usually only quantified for this purpose

qualitative

how are random specimens for urine glucose examined

>=30mg/dl

screening processes of urine glucose should be able to detect at least how much glucose

venous serum/plasma

standard clinical specimen for glucose quantitation

within 1 hour

how long should the separation of blood cells from the liquid portion be performed

morning

glucose levels are higher at what time

afternoon

glucose levels are lower at what time

RBCs have enzymes that metabolize glucose

why should RBCs be separated from plasma/serum when quantifying glucose

16 hours

fasting for glucose determination should not go beyond

serum

PLASMA/SERUM: glucose is more stable at room temperature

7 mg/dl/hr

at RT, unprocessed glucose samples are metabolized at what rate

2 mg/dl/hr

at 4C, unprocessed glucose samples are metabolized at what rate

gold top tube

red top tube w/ serum separator

these tubes are used to minimize the loss of glucose in serum samples

5 times

how many times is the gold top tube inverted

5 minutes

how long does it take for blood to clot in gold top tubes

gray top tube

what tube is used to preserve glucose in plasma specimens

sodium fluoride

what is the additive in gray top tubes that acts as both an anticoagulant and a preservative

90 minutes

duration of acceptable delay in examination when using gray top tubes in cases without bacterial contamination/leukocytosis

fluoride/iodoacetate

inhibit the glycolytic process and prevent most glucose consumption by erythrocytes

48 hours

how long does serum/plasma glucose remain stable when refrigerated

postprandial specimens

capillary blood glucose is increased in this type of specimen when compared to fasting venous samples

0.055

factor used to convert mg% to mmol/L

creatine

creatinine

uric acid

glutathione

ergothioneine

reducing substances which react like glucose

saifer-gerstenfield

polarographic

dextostix

glucose oxidase methods

SPM assay

electric current assay

glucose dehydrogenase methods

condensation with:

aromatic amines - o-toluidine

phenols -anthrone

condensation methods

false high

ALKALINE COPPER REDUCTION METHODS FALSE HIGH/LOW:

blood taken after meals

false high

ALKALINE COPPER REDUCTION METHODS FALSE HIGH/LOW:

not clear pff

false high

ALKALINE COPPER REDUCTION METHODS FALSE HIGH/LOW:

delayed filtrate preparation of sample

false low

ALKALINE COPPER REDUCTION METHODS FALSE HIGH/LOW:

boiling is done at a lesser period of time

false low

ALKALINE COPPER REDUCTION METHODS FALSE HIGH/LOW:

exposure of the solution to air during the heating process

causes oxidation and reverses the reaction

effect of air to reduction methods

80-120 mg/dl

normal value for folin wu method

420 nm

analytical wavelength in the folin wu method

sulfuric acid

10% sodium tungstate

reagents used to prepare the PFF in folin wu method

chocolate brown

color or precipitate in the making of PFF in the folin wu method

alkaline copper tartrate

reactant added in the folin wu method

nelson somogyi (10 minutes)

folin wu (6 minutes)

which method spends more time heating the specimen in a water bath

nelson somogyi (2 minutes)

folin wu (3 minutess)

which method spends less time cooling the specimen in a cold water bath

100 mg%

glucose concentration of the standards used in the folin wu and nelson somogyi methods

phosphomolybdic acid

chromogen used in folin wu method

phosphomolybdenum blue

end product measured in the folin wu method

its bottom is constricted to prevent the oxidation of the sample

what is the purpose of using folin wu tubes over normal test tubes in the folin wu method

false high

FALSE HIGH/FALSE LOW: extension of the boiling process in the folin wu method

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: the intensity of the color of phosphomolybdenum blue is proportional to the concentration of reducing substances

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: the intensity of the color of phosphomolybdic acid is proportional to the concentration of reducing substances

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: the intensity of the color of arsenomolybdenum blue is proportional to the concentration of reducing substances

nelson somogyi

the most accurate redox method

saccharoid free PFF

why is nelson somogyi considered the most accurate redox method

barium sulfate

in the preparation of PFF in nelson somogyi, this acts as an adsorbent to which saccharoids adhere

65-95 mg/dl

normal value for serum glucose in nelson somogyi method

50-70 mg/dl

normal value for CSF in nelson somogyi method

whole blood

sample used for folin wu method

whole blood

sample used for nelson somogyi method

barium hydroxide

zinc sulfide

reagents used in the preparation of PFF in nelson somogyi

avocado color

color of the precipitate produced in the preparation of PFF for nelson somogyi

arsenomolybdate

chromogen used for nelson somogyi

arsenomolybdenum blue

end product measured in nelson somogyi

bisulfite copper

benedicts method modifies folin wu method by replacing alkaline copper tartrate with

citrate

stabilizer in benedict's reagent

tartrate

stabilizer in fehling's reagent

hagedorn-jensen method

alkaline-ferric reduction methods

630 nm

analytical wavelength in o-toluidine method

490 nm

analytical wavelength in nelson somogyi method

glacial acetic acid - induce enolization of glucose

what is the acid used in o-toluidine method and what is its purpose

green

color of the end product in o-toluidine method

o-toluidine method

the most specific non-enzymatic method

o-toluidine

condenses with the aldehyde group of aldohexoses

icteric serum - false high

galactose load - false high

galactosemia - false high

mannose - false high

sources of error in o-toluidine method

hemolyzed sample

this type of sample causes a false low because of its interference with glucose and NADPH accumulation

gluconic acid

hydrogen peroxide

formed when glucose reacts with glucose oxidase

oxygen acceptors - o-toluidine/ o-dianizidine

what is made to react with hydrogen peroxide in order to form a blue color when catalyzed by peroxidase

FALSE: it is an indirect method

TRUE/FALSE: saifer-gerstenfield is a direct method since it measures true glucose, not reducing compounds

peroxidase

indicator enzyme in saifer-gerstenfield

glucose oxidase

most specific enzyme

B-D-glucose

type of glucose that glucose oxidase reacts to

mutarotase

facilitates the conversion of a-D-glucose to B-D-glucose

trinder reaction

reaction used in the saifer-gerstenfield method

3-methyl-2bentizolinone

hydrazone

N,N-dimethylaniline

chromogens used in the trinder reaction

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: the rate of increase in absorbance is directly proportional to the glucose concentration in saifer-gerstenfield

uric acid, ascorbic acid, bilirubin, glutathione

causes interference in saifer-gerstenfield by inhibiting the reaction by competing with peroxidase

false low

SAIFER GERSTENFIELD FALSE HIGH/LOW: uric acid

false low

SAIFER GERSTENFIELD FALSE HIGH/LOW: ascorbic acid

false low

SAIFER GERSTENFIELD FALSE HIGH/LOW: bilirubin

false low

SAIFER GERSTENFIELD FALSE HIGH/LOW: glutathione

false high

SAIFER GERSTENFIELD FALSE HIGH/LOW: strong oxidizing substances

polarographic oxygen electrode

results in the polarographic method are measured using what

FALSE: interferences with peroxidase are eliminated in polarographic method

TRUE/FALSE: polarographic method has the same interferences with saifer gerstenfield method

FALSE: the rate of disappearance of oxygen is directly proportional to glucose

TRUE/FALSE: the rate of increase in oxygen is directly proportional to glucose in the polarographic method

FALSE: it is a direct method

TRUE/FALSE: polarographic method is an indirect method since it utilizes two enzyme reactions

peroxide

what should be eliminated in the polarographic method to stop the reaction from reversing

molybdate

catalyzes the oxidation of iodide to iodine by peroxide

catalase

catalyzes the oxidation of ethanol by peroxide

acetaldehyde and water

what is formed from the oxidation of ethanol by peroxide

dextrostrix

reagent strip method for glucose