cell signaling

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32 Terms

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Growth Factors

Examples of local regulators that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide

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Paracrine Signaling

when molecules travel only short distantances

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Synaptic Signaling

A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell

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Endocrine Signaling

Signaling used for long distance communication. this communication tends to have a slower response and a longer lasting effect.

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Reception

The target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell; involves the binding of the signaling molecule to a receptor protein

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Transduction

A step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response

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Signal Transduction Pathway

A sequence of changes in a series of different molecules during transduction

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Response

The transduced signal triggers a specific change in cellular activity

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Ligand

A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule (based on complementary shape with the receptor); causes shape change in the receptor

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Examples of Transmembrane Receptors

GPCRs and ligand-gated ion channels

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G Protein

A protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP

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Ligand-gated Ion Channel

A membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" for ions when the receptor assumes a certain shape

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Testosterone

A steroid hormone that passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor within the cytoplasm and turns on specific genes that control male sex characteristics

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Transcription Factor

Special proteins that control which genes are turned on (transcribed into mRNA) in a particular cell at a particular time

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Protein Kinases

Enzymes involved in phosphorylation cascades that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins; addition of phosphates activates the protein

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Second Messengers

Small, nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions involved in a signaling pathway; examples include cAMP and calcium ions

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cAMP

Cyclic AMP; a second messenger that is activated by adenylyl cyclase

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Evolution of Cell Signaling

The same signaling mechanisms are found within a diverse set of species

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Quorum Sensing

An example of cell communication and signaling in bacteria using chemicals called autoinducers (ligands)

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Epinephrine

An example of a chemical messenger (ligand) that binds to a transmembrane receptor (GPCR) and signals the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

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positive feedback loop

feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction

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negative feedback loop

feedback loop which returns a system to homeostasis

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juxacrine

Signals target adjacent (touching cells)

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paracrine

signals diffuse to and affect nearby cells

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ligand

A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.

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autocrine

term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them

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cytoplasmic receptors

Receptors located inside the cell that bind to signals that can diffuse across the plasma membrane.

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receptor

on or in a cell, a specific protein to whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger, such as a hormone

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enzyme coupled receptors

Transmembrane protein that, when stimulated by the binding of a ligand, activates an intracellular enzyme (either a separate enzyme or part of the receptor itself).

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kinase

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.

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phosphoralate

protein kinases (add phosphate)

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phosphatases

remove phosphate groups