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Growth Factors
Examples of local regulators that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide
Paracrine Signaling
when molecules travel only short distantances
Synaptic Signaling
A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell
Endocrine Signaling
Signaling used for long distance communication. this communication tends to have a slower response and a longer lasting effect.
Reception
The target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell; involves the binding of the signaling molecule to a receptor protein
Transduction
A step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response
Signal Transduction Pathway
A sequence of changes in a series of different molecules during transduction
Response
The transduced signal triggers a specific change in cellular activity
Ligand
A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule (based on complementary shape with the receptor); causes shape change in the receptor
Examples of Transmembrane Receptors
GPCRs and ligand-gated ion channels
G Protein
A protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP
Ligand-gated Ion Channel
A membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" for ions when the receptor assumes a certain shape
Testosterone
A steroid hormone that passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor within the cytoplasm and turns on specific genes that control male sex characteristics
Transcription Factor
Special proteins that control which genes are turned on (transcribed into mRNA) in a particular cell at a particular time
Protein Kinases
Enzymes involved in phosphorylation cascades that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins; addition of phosphates activates the protein
Second Messengers
Small, nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions involved in a signaling pathway; examples include cAMP and calcium ions
cAMP
Cyclic AMP; a second messenger that is activated by adenylyl cyclase
Evolution of Cell Signaling
The same signaling mechanisms are found within a diverse set of species
Quorum Sensing
An example of cell communication and signaling in bacteria using chemicals called autoinducers (ligands)
Epinephrine
An example of a chemical messenger (ligand) that binds to a transmembrane receptor (GPCR) and signals the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
positive feedback loop
feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction
negative feedback loop
feedback loop which returns a system to homeostasis
juxacrine
Signals target adjacent (touching cells)
paracrine
signals diffuse to and affect nearby cells
ligand
A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.
autocrine
term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them
cytoplasmic receptors
Receptors located inside the cell that bind to signals that can diffuse across the plasma membrane.
receptor
on or in a cell, a specific protein to whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger, such as a hormone
enzyme coupled receptors
Transmembrane protein that, when stimulated by the binding of a ligand, activates an intracellular enzyme (either a separate enzyme or part of the receptor itself).
kinase
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.
phosphoralate
protein kinases (add phosphate)
phosphatases
remove phosphate groups