NATO'S CRISIS MANAGEMENT (1993-2023)

Bosnia- Herzegovina (1992-2004)

former Yugoslavia began in 1992-93; implementation of arms embargo, humanitarian assistance, & defense of UN-designated safe areas

Operation Deny Flight (1993-95)

operation in Bosnia-Herzegovina; first major non-article 5 crisis management operation; air & sea-based support to UN forces protecting ‘safe areas’; enforcement of economic sanctions, arms embargo, & no-flight zone

Operation Deliberated Force (1995)

targeted Army of Srpska Republic; UN mandate to implement the military aspects of Dayton Peace Accord (1995); deployment of IFQR/SFOR force; peak of 60,000 troops (95-04); with the participation of Russian troops from 96-03;

Operation Allied Force in Kosovo (1999) & establishment of KFOR (1999-2023)

second major non-article 5 operation; to end Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)’s policy of ethnic cleansing of Albanians in Kosovo; 3 months of air campaign (March-June 99) until the full withdrawal of Yugoslav forces from Kosovo; NATO in —> Yugoslavs out —> refugees back; operation conducted without UN formal endorsement; UNSC resolution 1244 authorizing KFOR after hostilities; almost peak of 500,000 forces; supervising role of United Nations Mission in Kosovo

Kosovo Force (KFOR)

NATO-led peacekeeping force & military of Kosovo

crisis management role in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)

NATO conducted 3 operations from 2001-03: Operation Essential Harvest to disarm ethnic Albanian groups (2001), Operation Amber Fox to protect international monitors overseeing the implementation of the Ohrid Peace Plan (2002), & Operation Allied Harmony to assist the government in ensuring stability throughout the country (2002-03)

crisis management role in Afghanistan

(2003-2021); largest crisis management operation conducted by NATO; one of the largest international crisis management operations; first of NATO’s deployment outside of the Euro-Atlantic area; in compliance with UN resolution establishing International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) (2001); ISAF led by NATO from 2003-2014 at request of Afghan government; initially centered on Kabul —> expanded to rest of the country; peak of 130,000 troops; contributions from more than 51 countries; issue of national caveats; establishment of Resolute Support Mission after ISAF (2015-21)

Operations Active Endeavor & Sea Guardian in the Mediterranean

NATO’s withdrawal from Afghanistan (2021); operation against terrorist activity in the Mediterranean; article 5 operation that initially only involved NATO member countries; maritime patrols to monitor shipping in the Mediterranean; succeeded by Operation Sea Guard in 2016: broader maritime security & counter-terrorism operation; no longer based on article 5

Operation ‘Odyssey Protector” in Libya

2011: explosion of Arab revolts & Libyan Civil War; UNSC resolutions of 1970 & ‘73; arms embargo, no-fly zone, & protection of civilians; initially a US, UK, French-led operation, US resistances lead-from-behind narrative; NATO command since the end of March; intra-alliance disputes about burden-sharing; Italian initial opposition to the operation; Germany & NATO’s Northern & Eastern members did not participate; accusation that NATO was pursuing regime change; no stabilization force was deployed after collapse of regime