Interpersonal Communication Kory Floyd Final Ch 1-12

Listening

The active process of making meaning out of another person's spoken message

HURIER model

A model of effective listening that involves hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding

Informal Listening

Listening to learn something

Critical Listening

Listening with the goal of evaluating or analyzing what one hears

Emphatic Listening

Listening in order to experience what another person is thinking or feeling

Pseudolistening

Using feedback behaviors to give the false impression that one is listening

Selective Attention

Listening only to what one wants to hear

Information Overload

The state of being overwhelmed by the amount of information one takes in

Glazing Over

Daydreaming during the time not spent listening

Rebuttal Tendency

The tendency to debate a speaker's point and formulate a reply while the person is still speaking

Close Mindedness

The tendency not to listen to anything with whichh one disagrees

Competitive Interrupting

Using interruptions to take control of a conversation

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to pay attention only to information that supports one's values and beliefs while discounting or ignoring information that doesn't

Vividness Effect

The tendency for dramatic, shocking events to distort one's perception of reality

Skepticism

The practice of evaluating the evidence for a claim

egocentric

unable to take another persons perspectivepositivity bias

Stigma

A characteristic that discredits a person by making him or her be seen as abnormal or undesirable.

Communication Meets

Meets:

-Relational Needs

-Identity Needs

-Spiritual Needs

-Instrumental Needs

Model

A formal description of a process.

Three:

Communication as action

Communication as interaction

Communication as transaction

Source

The originator of a though or an idea.

Encode

To put an idea into language or gesture.

Message

Verbal and nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning.

Channel

A pathway through which messages are conveyed.

Decode

To interpret or give meaning to a message.

Receiver

The party who interprets a message.

Noise

Anything that interferes with the encoding or decoding of a message.

Feedback

Verbal and nonverbal responses to a message.

Context

The physical or psychological environment in which communication occurs.

Channel-rich Context

A communication context involving many channels at once.

Channel-lean Context

A communication context involving few channels at once.

Symbol

A representation of an idea.

Content Dimension

Literal information that is communicated by a message.

Relational Dimension

Signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated.

Meta Communication

Communication about communication.

Explicit Rule

A rule about behavior that been clearly articulated.

Implicit Rule

A rule about behavior that has not been clearly articulated but its nonetheless understood.

Communication Myths

-Everyone is an expert in communication.

-Communication will solve any problem.

-Communication can break down.

-Communication is inherently good

-More communication is always better

Communication Characteristics

Characteristics

-Relies on multiple channels (contexts)

-Passes through perceptual filters (Friends: "on a break")

-People give communication it's meaning (pot, cell, crack)

-has literal meaning and relational implications

-Sends a message whether intentional or unintentional

-Is governed by rules

Interpersonal Communication Characteristics

Characteristics:

-Occurs between two people

-Occurs within a relationship

-Evolves within relationships

-Negotiates and defines relationships.

Interpersonal Communication Matters because...

Matters because:

-Pervasive (every day)

-Can improve our relationships

-Can improve our health

Interpersonal Communication

Communication that occurs between two people within the context of their relationship and that, as it evolves, helps them to negotiate and define their relationship.

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication with oneself.

Mass Communication

Communication from one source to a large audience.

Small Group Communication

Communication occurring within small groups or three or more people.

Dyad

A pair of people.

Communication Competence

Communication in ways that are effective and appropriate for a given situation.

-Communicating effectively

-Communicating appropriately

Characteristics

-Self-awareness

-Adaptability

-Empathy

-Cognitive Complexity

Self Monitoring

Awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others.

Ethics

A code of morality or a set of ideas about what is right.

Ethnicity

An individual's perception of his or her ancestry or heritage.

Nationality

An individual's status as a citizen of a particular country.

Components of Culture

Components

-Symbols (apple pie/American pie)

-Language

-Value

-Norms

Co-Cultures

Groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics beyond their national citizenship.

Individualistic Culture

A culture that emphasizes individuality and responsibility to oneself.

Collective Culture

A culture that places greater emphasis on loyalty to the family, workplace, or community than on the needs of the individual.

Low-Context

A culture in which verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally.

High-Context

A culture in which verbal communication is often ambiguous, and meaning is drawn from contextual cues, such as facial expressions and tone of voice.

Low-Power-Distance Culture

A culture in which power is not highly concentrated in specific groups of people.

High-Powered-Distance Culture

A Culture in which much or most of the power is concentrated in a few people, such as royalty or a ruling political party.

Monochronic

A concept that treats tine as a finite commodity that can be earned, saved, spent, and wasted.

Polychonic

A concept that treats time as a infinite resource rather than a finite commodity.

Uncertainty Avoidance

The degree to which people try to avoid, situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable.

Communication Codes

Verbal and nonverbal behaviors, such as idioms and gestures, that characterize a culture and distinguish it from other cultures.

Idioms - "break a leg" purely figurative phrase

Jargon - "periapical radiograph" co-cultural idiom

Gestures - "I've got your nose" - U.S. vs Russia

7 Aspects of Culture

-Individual and Collectivism

-Low and High Context

-Low and High Power Distance

-Masculine and Feminine

-Monochronic and Polychronic

-Uncertainty Avoidance

-Communication Codes

Gender Roles

A set of expectations for appropriate behavior that a culture typically assigns to an individual based on his or her biological sex.

Masculinity

A gender role, typically assigned to men, that emphasizes strength, dominance, competition, and logical thinking.

Femininity

A gender role, typically assigned to women, that emphasizes expressive, nurturing behavior.

Androgyny

A gender role distinguished by a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.

Sexual Orientation

A characteristic determining the sex or sexes to which someone is sexually attracted.

Heterosexuality

A sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in members of the other sex. M/F

Homosexuality

A sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in member of one's own sex. M/M F/F

Bisexuality

A sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in both women and men. M/F M/M , F/M F/F

asexuality

A sexual orientation characterized by a general lack of interest in sex

Expressive Talk

Verbal communication whose purpose is to express emotions and build relationships.

Instrumental Talk

Verbal communication whose purpose is to solve problems and accomplish tasks.

self-concept

the set stable a person has about who he or she is; also known identity

identity

see self concept

Johari window

a visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown or unknown to the self and to others. pg 74

personality

the pattern of behaviors and ways of thinking that characterize a person

reflected appraisal

the process whereby a person's self concept is influenced by his or her beliefs concerning what other people think of the person

social comparisn

the process of comparing oneself with others

reference groups

the groups of people with whom one compares oneself in the process of social comparison.

self fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that gives rise to behaviors that cause the expectation to come true

self esteem

ones subjective evaluation of ones value and worth as aperson

need for control

one;s need to maintain a degree of influence in ones relationships

need for inculsion

ones need to belong to a social group and be included in the activities of others

need for affection

ones need to give and receive expressions of love and appreciation

image

the way one wishes to be seen or perceived by others.

image movement

the process of projecting ones desired public image

face

a person desired public image

facework

the behaviors one uses to project ones desired public image to others

face needs

components of ones desired public image

fellowship face

the need to feel liked and accepted by others

autonomy face

the need to be respected and viewed as competent and intelligent

face threatening act

any behavior that threatens one or more face needs

self disclosure

the act of giving others information about oneself that one believes they do not already have

social penetration theory

a theory that predicts that as relationship develop, communication increases in breadth and depth

breadth

the range of topics about which one person self discloses to another.

depth

the intimacy of the topics about which one person self-disloses to another

norm of reprocity

a social expectation that resources and favors provided to one person in a relationship should be reciprocated bu that person

self disclosure pg 99