Studied by 0 peopleself-concept
overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes
self-schemas
organized body of knowledge about ourselves that includes our attitudes, likes and dislikes, and personality traits
self-concept clarity
extent to which knowledge about self is stable and clearly and consistetly defined
introspection
look inward and examine "inside information" that you have about your thoughts, feelings, and motives
self-awareness theory
when we are focused on ourselves, we evealuate and compare current behaviour against internal standards and values
why is self-focus a way of staying out of trouble/ reminding you of right and wrong
more likely to follow moral standards when self-awaren
causal theories
theories about what influences feelings and behaviour ad often uses theories to help explain why they feel the way they do
self-perception theory
attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behvaiour and the situaton when it occurs
intrinsic motivation
desire to engage in an activiy becase you enjoy it or find it interesting
extrinsic motivation
external rewards or pressures
over justifiction effect
occurs when people view their behaviour as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestmate the extent to which their behaviour was caused by intrinsic reasons
task contingent rewards
people get them only for performing a task, regardless of how well the do it
performance contingent rewards
reward depends on how well people perfom task
looking-glass self
idea that we see ourselves through the eyes of other people, either present or imagined, and incorporate their views into our self-concept
social comparison theory
people learn about their own abilities and attitudes by comparing themselves with other people
self-control
ability to subdue immediate desires to achieve long-term goals
thought supression
avoid temptation by trying not to think of them, pushing thoughts out of our minds
implementation intetions
making specific plans about where, when, and how we will fulfill a goal and avoid temptations
what is part of the reason for comparison
constructing accurate image of ourse
downward social comparison
comparing yourself with people who are worse than you in a particular trait or ability
upward social comparison
comparing ourselves to someone who is better than we are in a particular trait or ab
sociometer
psychological mechanism that monitors environment for cues about extent to which we are accepted or rejected by others
self-enhancement
holding unrealistically positive views of ourselves to boost self-esteem
self-effacement
tendency to hold negative view of oneself
self-verification theory
need to seek confirmation of their self-concept, whether positve or negative
high self-concept theory
self-schemas held with certainty and percieved to be consistent and stable
low self-concept clarity
not having firm knowledge of who we are
how to gain self-knowledge
introspection, observing our own behaviour, social interaction, comparing ourselves with others
dispositional (trait) self control
relatively stable amount of self-control
stable self control
variable amount of self control
self-regulatory resource model
argues that self control is a limited resource susceptible to ego depletion
self-esteem
how we feel about ourselves
explicit self-esteem
influenced by self-presentation concerns
implicit self-esteem
arguably more resistant to self-presentation concerns, and thought to better reflect unconscious feelings toward ourselves
secure self esteem
high explicit and high implicit
defensive self esteem
high explicit and low implicit
narcissism related to what type of self esteem?
defensive self estee,
self-verification
seek verification and confirmation on their sense of self, regardless of whether their self-views are positive or negative
attitudes
evaluations of people, objects, or ideas`
affective component
consisting of emotional reactions toward the attitude
cognitive component
consisting of thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object
behavioural component
consisting of actions or observable behaviour toward the attitude object
affectively based attitude
attitude rooted in more emotions and feelings than on an objective appraisal of pluses and minuses
cognitively based attitude
person's evaluation is based primarily on beleifs about propertie of an attitude object
self-perception theory
under certain circumstances people don't know how they feel until they see how they behave
explicit attitudes
consciously endorse and can easily report, what we think of as our evaluations
implicit attitudes
involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious evaluations
theory of planned behaviour
when and how attitudes predict intetional, deliberate
what is the best predictor of behaviour?
intention
how is intention determined?
attitudes toward specific behaviour, subjective norms, and percieved behavioural co
subjective norms
beliefs about how people they care about will view behaviour in question
yale attitude approach
source of communication, communication itself, nature of the audience
elaboration likelihood model
specifies when people will be influenced by what speech says and when they will be influenced by more superficial chracteristics
central route to persuasion
people elaborate on what they hear, carefully thinking about
peripheral route to persuasion
people not swayed by logic of arguments and instead persuaded of message makes it seem reasonable
fear-arousing communication
getting people's attention by scaring them
subliminal messages
words or pictures that are not conscously percieved but that supposedly influence people's judgment, attitudes, and behaviour
attitude innoculaton
the process of making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their postition
theory of cognitive dissonance
discomfort we experience when our behaviour is at odds with our attitudes or when we hold attitudes that coflict with one another
how to reduce dissonance
change behav
post-decision dissonance
experience dissonance after making a decision
justification of effort
tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain
external justification
important not to cause pain or embarass people you, things outside ourself
internal justification
try to reduce dissonance by changing something about ourselves
counter attitudinal behaviour
occurs when we state an opinion or attitude that runs counter to our private belief or attitude
insufficient punishment
threat is mild so it doesn't produce superabundance of justifications
hypocrisy induction
making people aware of dissonance between what they are doing and what they are preaching
self-affirmation theory
people can reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat to their self-esteem by focusing on and affirming their competence on some dimension unrelate to the threat
implicit association test (IAT)
relies on cognitive interference form suppressing "incorrect" responses
name letter task
people tend to favour letters in their name over other letters in the alphabet can predict: self-esteem, depression, romantic satisfaction and longevity
persuasive communication
some medium of communication that advocates a particular point of view
counter attitudinal advocacy
occurs when we express an opinion or attitude that counters our private beliefs of feelings
justifying bad deeds
when we hurt someone we sometimes come to dislike or hate that person more
conformity
change in behaviour as a result of the real or imagined influence of other people
informational social influence
influence of other people leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behaviour
private acceptance
people conform to the behaviours of others because they genuinely believe these other people are correct
public compliance
person conforms publicly without necessarily believing in what the group is saying or doing
normative social influence
conform so we will be liked and accepted by other people
social norms
groups have certain expectations about how the group members should behave
social impact theory
likelihood you respond to social influence from other people depends on strength, immediacy, numbe
strength
how important is the group to you?
immediacy
how close is group to you in space and time during influence attempt?
number
how many people in the group?
what are the two main reasons people conform?
informational and normative social influence
compliance
change in behaviour is response to direct request from another person
door-in-the-face technique
first request is purposely large followed by smaller request
foot-in-the-door technique
small request followed by larger one
reciprocity norm
when someone does something nice for you, feeling obligated to do something nice for them
lowball
getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before hidden costs revealed
obedience
conformity in response to commands of authority figure
idiosyncrasy credits
earned every time you conform with group's expectation spent every time you deviate from norm or expectation
minority influence
occurs when minority of group members influences behaviour or beliefs of majority
group
collection of three or more people who interact with one another and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to rely on one another
social roles
shared expectations about how particular people are supposed to behave
group cohesiveness
qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking among them
social faciliation
tendency for people to do better on simple tasks but worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated
3 theories to explain role of arousal in social facilitation
other people cause us to become alert and vigilant make us apprehensive about how we're being evaluated distract us from the task at hand
evaluation apprehension
concern about being judged
social loafing
tendency for people to do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated
relational interdependece
tendency to focus on and care about personal relationships with others
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