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Ad Hominem
attacking someone based on character rather than argument
poisoning the well
occurs when a person is attacked before she has a chance to present her case
tu quoque
attempt of one person to avoid the issue at hand by claiming the other person is a hypocrite
appeal to the people/ bandwagon
occurs when an argument manipulates a psychological need or desire, such as the desire to belong to a popular group, or the need for group solidarity
appeal to pity
which exclusively relies on a sense of pity or mercy for support of a conclusion
Appeal to Fear or Force
relies on fear or the threat of harmful consequences
Rigid application of a generalization
generalization or rule is inappropriately applied to the case at hand
Biased sample
An argument that uses a nonrepresentative sample as support for a statistical claim about an entire population.
Hasty generalization
An argument that relies on a small sample that is unlikely to represent the population.
Composition
the mistaken transfer of an attribute of the individual parts of an object to the object as a whole
the mistaken transfer of an attribute of the individual members of a class to the class itself
Division
A division fallacy is the mistaken transfer of an attribute of an object as a whole to its individual parts.
Post hoc
The fallacy occurs from the mistaken assumption that just because one event occurred before another event, the first event must have caused the second event
Slippery slope
An argument that attempts to connect a series of occurrences such that the first link in a chain leads directly to a second link, and so on, until a final unwanted situation is said to be the inevitable result.
Begging the question
restating the question as the conclusion and answer
Complex question
a single question actually contains multiple parts and an unestablished hidden assumption
Appeal to ignorance
An argument built on a position of ignorance claims either that (1) a statement must be true because it has not been proven to be false or (2) a statement must be false because it has not been proven to be true.
Appeal to an unqualified authority
An argument that relies on the opinions of people who either have no expertise, training, or knowledge relevant to the issue at hand, or whose testimony is not trustworthy
False dichotomy
The fallacy occurs when it is assumed that only two choices are possible, when in fact others exist
Equivocation
The fallacy occurs when the conclusion of an argument relies on an intentional or unintentional shift in the meaning of a term or phrase in the premises
Straw man
The fallacy occurs when an argument is misrepresented in order to create a new argument that can be easily refuted. The new argument is so weak that it is "made of straw." The arguer then falsely claims that his opponent's real argument has been defeated
Red herring
when someone completely ignores an opponent's position and changes the subject, diverting the discussion in a new direction.
Misleading precision
A claim that appears to be statistically significant but is not.
Missing the point
When premises that seem to lead logically to one conclusion are used instead to support an unexpected conclusion.
What is a categorical proposition
A proposition that relates two classes of objects. It either affirms or denies total class inclusion, or else it affirms or denies partial class inclusion.
What is a standard form categorical proposition
its just AEIO and that type of form like 'all S are P'
Rule 1
The middle term must be distributed in at least one premise
Rule 2
If a term is distributed in the conclusion, then it must be distributed in a premise
Rule 3
A categorical syllogism cannot have two negative premises
Rule 4
A negative premise must have a negative conclusion
Rule 5
A negative conclusion must have a negative premise
Rule 6
Two universal premises cannot have a particular conclusion
Existential import
Implies that something in the argument exists like Unicorns
what is an immediate argument
arguments where the conclusion is supported by just one premise
Conversion
switching subject and predicate
Obversion
Changing the quality
All to No
add non to predicate no matter what
Contraposition
apply conversion then apply non-
All non-ink-free writing tools are non-pencils
Contraposition by limitation
Switch Some to No
Switch S & P
Switch to Non no matter what
Quantifier
All Some No
Which logical relationships obtain only given the assumption of existence, in the traditional square of opposition?
Contraries, subcontraries, superalternation, and subalternation
Quantity
Universal or Particular
Quality
affirmative or negative
Rule 1 Name
Undistributed Middle
Rule 2 Name
Illicit Major/Illicit Minor
Rule 3 Name
Exclusive Premises
Rule 4 NAME
affirmative conclusion/negative premise.
Rule 5 NAME
negative conclusion/affirmative premises.
Rule 6 NAME
existential fallacy
Provisionally Valid
Two particulars and universal premise