LOGIC AND REASONING EXAM WE ARE NOT COOKED

Ad Hominem

attacking someone based on character rather than argument

poisoning the well

occurs when a person is attacked before she has a chance to present her case

tu quoque

attempt of one person to avoid the issue at hand by claiming the other person is a hypocrite

appeal to the people/ bandwagon

occurs when an argument manipulates a psychological need or desire, such as the desire to belong to a popular group, or the need for group solidarity

appeal to pity

which exclusively relies on a sense of pity or mercy for support of a conclusion

Appeal to Fear or Force

relies on fear or the threat of harmful consequences

Rigid application of a generalization

generalization or rule is inappropriately applied to the case at hand

Biased sample

An argument that uses a nonrepresentative sample as support for a statistical claim about an entire population.

Hasty generalization

An argument that relies on a small sample that is unlikely to represent the population.

Composition

the mistaken transfer of an attribute of the individual parts of an object to the object as a whole
the mistaken transfer of an attribute of the individual members of a class to the class itself

Division

A division fallacy is the mistaken transfer of an attribute of an object as a whole to its individual parts.

Post hoc

The fallacy occurs from the mistaken assumption that just because one event occurred before another event, the first event must have caused the second event

Slippery slope

An argument that attempts to connect a series of occurrences such that the first link in a chain leads directly to a second link, and so on, until a final unwanted situation is said to be the inevitable result.

Begging the question

restating the question as the conclusion and answer

Complex question

a single question actually contains multiple parts and an unestablished hidden assumption

Appeal to ignorance

An argument built on a position of ignorance claims either that (1) a statement must be true because it has not been proven to be false or (2) a statement must be false because it has not been proven to be true.

Appeal to an unqualified authority

An argument that relies on the opinions of people who either have no expertise, training, or knowledge relevant to the issue at hand, or whose testimony is not trustworthy

False dichotomy

The fallacy occurs when it is assumed that only two choices are possible, when in fact others exist

Equivocation

The fallacy occurs when the conclusion of an argument relies on an intentional or unintentional shift in the meaning of a term or phrase in the premises

Straw man

The fallacy occurs when an argument is misrepresented in order to create a new argument that can be easily refuted. The new argument is so weak that it is "made of straw." The arguer then falsely claims that his opponent's real argument has been defeated

Red herring

when someone completely ignores an opponent's position and changes the subject, diverting the discussion in a new direction.

Misleading precision

A claim that appears to be statistically significant but is not.

Missing the point

When premises that seem to lead logically to one conclusion are used instead to support an unexpected conclusion.

What is a categorical proposition

A proposition that relates two classes of objects. It either affirms or denies total class inclusion, or else it affirms or denies partial class inclusion.

What is a standard form categorical proposition

its just AEIO and that type of form like 'all S are P'

Rule 1

The middle term must be distributed in at least one premise

Rule 2

If a term is distributed in the conclusion, then it must be distributed in a premise

Rule 3

A categorical syllogism cannot have two negative premises

Rule 4

A negative premise must have a negative conclusion

Rule 5

A negative conclusion must have a negative premise

Rule 6

Two universal premises cannot have a particular conclusion

Existential import

Implies that something in the argument exists like Unicorns

what is an immediate argument

arguments where the conclusion is supported by just one premise

Conversion

switching subject and predicate

Obversion

Changing the quality
All to No
add non to predicate no matter what

Contraposition

apply conversion then apply non-
All non-ink-free writing tools are non-pencils

Contraposition by limitation

Switch Some to No
Switch S & P
Switch to Non no matter what

Quantifier

All Some No

Which logical relationships obtain only given the assumption of existence, in the traditional square of opposition?

Contraries, subcontraries, superalternation, and subalternation

Quantity

Universal or Particular

Quality

affirmative or negative

Rule 1 Name

Undistributed Middle

Rule 2 Name

Illicit Major/Illicit Minor

Rule 3 Name

Exclusive Premises

Rule 4 NAME

affirmative conclusion/negative premise.

Rule 5 NAME

negative conclusion/affirmative premises.

Rule 6 NAME

existential fallacy

Provisionally Valid

Two particulars and universal premise