LOGIC AND REASONING EXAM WE ARE NOT COOKED

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/47

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

48 Terms

1
New cards

Ad Hominem

attacking someone based on character rather than argument

2
New cards

poisoning the well

occurs when a person is attacked before she has a chance to present her case

3
New cards

tu quoque

attempt of one person to avoid the issue at hand by claiming the other person is a hypocrite

4
New cards

appeal to the people/ bandwagon

occurs when an argument manipulates a psychological need or desire, such as the desire to belong to a popular group, or the need for group solidarity

5
New cards

appeal to pity

which exclusively relies on a sense of pity or mercy for support of a conclusion

6
New cards

Appeal to Fear or Force

relies on fear or the threat of harmful consequences

7
New cards

Rigid application of a generalization

generalization or rule is inappropriately applied to the case at hand

8
New cards

Biased sample

An argument that uses a nonrepresentative sample as support for a statistical claim about an entire population.

9
New cards

Hasty generalization

An argument that relies on a small sample that is unlikely to represent the population.

10
New cards

Composition

the mistaken transfer of an attribute of the individual parts of an object to the object as a whole
the mistaken transfer of an attribute of the individual members of a class to the class itself

11
New cards

Division

A division fallacy is the mistaken transfer of an attribute of an object as a whole to its individual parts.

12
New cards

Post hoc

The fallacy occurs from the mistaken assumption that just because one event occurred before another event, the first event must have caused the second event

13
New cards

Slippery slope

An argument that attempts to connect a series of occurrences such that the first link in a chain leads directly to a second link, and so on, until a final unwanted situation is said to be the inevitable result.

14
New cards

Begging the question

restating the question as the conclusion and answer

15
New cards

Complex question

a single question actually contains multiple parts and an unestablished hidden assumption

16
New cards

Appeal to ignorance

An argument built on a position of ignorance claims either that (1) a statement must be true because it has not been proven to be false or (2) a statement must be false because it has not been proven to be true.

17
New cards

Appeal to an unqualified authority

An argument that relies on the opinions of people who either have no expertise, training, or knowledge relevant to the issue at hand, or whose testimony is not trustworthy

18
New cards

False dichotomy

The fallacy occurs when it is assumed that only two choices are possible, when in fact others exist

19
New cards

Equivocation

The fallacy occurs when the conclusion of an argument relies on an intentional or unintentional shift in the meaning of a term or phrase in the premises

20
New cards

Straw man

The fallacy occurs when an argument is misrepresented in order to create a new argument that can be easily refuted. The new argument is so weak that it is "made of straw." The arguer then falsely claims that his opponent's real argument has been defeated

21
New cards

Red herring

when someone completely ignores an opponent's position and changes the subject, diverting the discussion in a new direction.

22
New cards

Misleading precision

A claim that appears to be statistically significant but is not.

23
New cards

Missing the point

When premises that seem to lead logically to one conclusion are used instead to support an unexpected conclusion.

24
New cards

What is a categorical proposition

A proposition that relates two classes of objects. It either affirms or denies total class inclusion, or else it affirms or denies partial class inclusion.

25
New cards

What is a standard form categorical proposition

its just AEIO and that type of form like 'all S are P'

26
New cards

Rule 1

The middle term must be distributed in at least one premise

27
New cards

Rule 2

If a term is distributed in the conclusion, then it must be distributed in a premise

28
New cards

Rule 3

A categorical syllogism cannot have two negative premises

29
New cards

Rule 4

A negative premise must have a negative conclusion

30
New cards

Rule 5

A negative conclusion must have a negative premise

31
New cards

Rule 6

Two universal premises cannot have a particular conclusion

32
New cards

Existential import

Implies that something in the argument exists like Unicorns

33
New cards

what is an immediate argument

arguments where the conclusion is supported by just one premise

34
New cards

Conversion

switching subject and predicate

35
New cards

Obversion

Changing the quality
All to No
add non to predicate no matter what

36
New cards

Contraposition

apply conversion then apply non-
All non-ink-free writing tools are non-pencils

37
New cards

Contraposition by limitation

Switch Some to No
Switch S & P
Switch to Non no matter what

38
New cards

Quantifier

All Some No

39
New cards

Which logical relationships obtain only given the assumption of existence, in the traditional square of opposition?

Contraries, subcontraries, superalternation, and subalternation

40
New cards

Quantity

Universal or Particular

41
New cards

Quality

affirmative or negative

42
New cards

Rule 1 Name

Undistributed Middle

43
New cards

Rule 2 Name

Illicit Major/Illicit Minor

44
New cards

Rule 3 Name

Exclusive Premises

45
New cards

Rule 4 NAME

affirmative conclusion/negative premise.

46
New cards

Rule 5 NAME

negative conclusion/affirmative premises.

47
New cards

Rule 6 NAME

existential fallacy

48
New cards

Provisionally Valid

Two particulars and universal premise