Bio Test 3 and 4

Cell Theory

Composed of 3 parts: all living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells

Modern Cell Theory

Expands on the original cell theory by including the concept that cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes

Organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Cell Membrane

Composed of phospholipids and proteins, it regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Cell Wall

Rigid layer outside the cell membrane, providing structural support in plant cells

Diffusion

Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Process where substances move across the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves substances across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient

Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as the cell, resulting in no net movement of water

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cell, causing water to move into the cell

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell, leading to water moving out of the cell

Lytic Cycle

Viral replication cycle where the virus takes over the host cell's machinery to produce new viruses, leading to cell lysis and release of new viral particles

Lysogenic Cycle

Viral replication cycle where the viral DNA is integrated into the host cell's genome and is replicated along with the host DNA

Pathogens

Microorganisms that can cause disease

Germ Theory of Disease

States that microorganisms can lead to the development of specific diseases

Microscope and Cell Theory

The invention of the microscope allowed scientists to observe cells, leading to the formulation of the cell theory

Viruses and Life

Debate whether viruses are living entities due to their dependence on host cells for replication

Francisco Redi

Experimented with meat in jars, proved meat cannot generate maggots

Lazzaro Spallanzami

Experimented with meat broth in flasks, showed that broth can’t generate microbial bacteria.

Louis Pasteur

Experimented with meat broth in swan necked flasks, showed that broth can’t generate microbial bacteria.

what do Louis Pasteur, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Francisco Redi have in common?

Disproved spontaneous generation

Robert Hooke

Coined the term “cell” after looking at cork (1665)

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

Devolved earliest microscope, known for his drawings of animalcules. (1674)

Robert Brown

Coined the term Cell Nucleus (1833)

Mathias Schleiden

All plants are made of cells (1838)

Theodore Schleiden

All animals are made of cells (1839)

Rudolf Virchow

New cells came from division of old cells(1855)

Lynn Margulis

Devolved endosymbiotic theory

Endosymbiotic Theory

Eukaryotic cells devolved from a symbiotic relationship amongst different prokaryotic cells

What do mitochondria and chloroplast have in common

Create energy for different cells, have their own DNA and double membrane (explained by endosymbiotic theory)