History End of Year Notes

Flashcards about The First Peoples, Indigenous Trade Network, Social Relationships among Indigenous Peoples, Decision making among the Indigenous, Alliances & rivalries among 1st Nations, First contact, European exploration in North America, European fisheries, and whale hunting, Products traded between Iroquois & Europeans, 1st voyage of Jacque Cartier, Other french colonizations attempts, Colonialism, Company of 100 associates, Fur trade, Exploitation of fur, Coureur de bois, Voyageur, Beaver Crisis, Samuel de champlain founded NF ,Jean Mance, first nurse, Financial trouble, Attack of Kirk brothers, Royal Government, Jean Talon, Filles du Roy, Seigneurial system, Economic Diversification, Catholic Church , Cities in Canada, Adaption of the colonist, Indigenous Population, Intercolonial Wars, War of Conquest and battle of Quebec, Article of capitulation (1760), Territory (treaty of Paris), Instructions given by king , Governor Guy Carleton (1768), Caused concern for indigenous, Quebec Act of 1774 , American Invasion, Loyalist, Colonial Economy, Socialdemographic situation, Clergy, Anglican Church, struggles in the British colony, Constitutional Act, Parliamentary Debates,Liberal & Republican ideas, Nationalisms, British American War of 1812,Migratory Movements, ,Agriculture ,Fur trade, Timber Trade, Capital & Infrastructure , Rebellions of 1837-1838, Durham Report.

Who were the first occupants of the territory?

Nomadic hunters who crossed the Bering Strait to North America approximately 30,000 years ago.

What were the three main linguistic families in early North America?

Algonquin, Iroquoian, and Inuit.

Describe the Algonquin way of life.

Hunters and gatherers, nomadic, patrilineal, lived in wigwams or teepees, with less fertile soil.

Describe the Iroquoian way of life.

Sedentary, matrilineal, farmers, planted corn/beans/squash, lived in longhouses, fertile soil near the St. Lawrence.

Describe the Inuit way of life.

Lived in the north, nomadic due to infertile soil, hunted whales/seals/belugas, last group to arrive from Asia.

Where did the Algonquin live?

Canadian Shield.

Where did the Iroquois live?

St. Lawrence Lowlands.

Where did the Inuit live?

Arctic regions.

What is bartering?

Trading activity, not for profit, for subsistence.

Why was trade among nations important?

Access resources they didn't have, gain military and political alliances.

Where did indigenous people trade?

Native trade between two rivers; for example, Tadoussac & Red Bay.

What is a matrilineal structure?

Assets passed down from mother to daughter; the man moves into the woman's home after marriage.

What is a patrilineal structure?

Assets passed down from father to son; the woman moves in with the man after marriage.

Who was the Shaman?

Interpreted dreams, healed the sick, predicted the future, chased away evil spirits, influential & respected.

What is animism?

Belief that all natural objects have a soul.

Describe indigenous child-rearing education.

Based on freedom & patience, no corporal punishment was used.

How were goods shared among indigenous peoples?

No private property; resources & wealth all equally shared.

What were oral traditions and the respect of elders?

Knowledge told orally; elders told myths/legends, recognized for their wisdom & experience.

What was the significance of gift-giving and reciprocity?

Belief that if you receive, you give back; gifts confirm alliances, refusing gifts meant proposal was rejected.

How were chiefs appointed in matrilineal societies?

Oldest woman of clan appoints chief (war & civil).

How were chiefs appointed in patrilineal societies?

Male chief chosen by tribal council for level of influential ability, courage, hunting skills.

What was the role of the chief?

Leaders of clan, highest authority.

What was the role of the elders?

Participate in council & advised in decisions; wisdom givers.

What was the Algonquian political organization?

Nuclear family, band, hunting group, nation.

What was the Iroquois political organization?

Extended family, clan, village, nation, confederacy.

What was the purpose of alliances?

Prevent disputes over hunting area & trade routes; allowed for natives to defend their interest, conduct trade, defend each other & fight common enemy.

Why did rivalries occur?

To avenge death in the clan; enemies of war were captured & tortured; competing interest.

Why did wars occur?

Competing interests and/or to control hunting/trade goods.

Fate of prisoners in war?

Prisoners of war were tortured & killed; Iroquois often took captive to replace deceased family members during war.

What were the Europeans trying to do in the 15th century?

Find new trade routes to Asia to get spices etc., began major exploration by sea.

Who were the first Europeans to come to North America?

Vikings settled in areas of Newfoundland.

Who were some groups involved in European fisheries and whale hunting before the French?

Basque, Portuguese & English fishers came to eastern Canada.

What products were traded between the Iroquois and Europeans?

Glass, clothing, beads & metal items for furs, food & help.

Where did Jacques Cartier's first voyage take him and what happened?

Gulf of St. Lawrence, Gaspé Peninsula; claimed land for France, made 1st contact with indigenous people & brought back 2 Iroquois sons to France.

Where did Jacques Cartier's second voyage take him and what happened?

St. Lawrence River, reached Stadacona & Hochelaga; harsh winters, explorers suffered, learned about cures from indigenous, return to France with more information.

Where did Jacques Cartier's third voyage take him and what happened?

Cap-Rouge near Quebec; failed colonization attempt, conflict with indigenous, then returned to France.

What happened at the settlement colony at Cap-Rouge?

First attempt to establish permanent colony in NA, failed due to poor planning & conflict with indigenous.

Where did other French colonization attempts occur, and why did they fail?

Île Sainte-Croix (1604) & French settled in Nova Scotia (1605); failed because of cold winters, lack of food & conflict with the indigenous.

Who did the French ally with?

French allied with Algonquin, Innu & Maliseet peoples.

What was the purpose of the French alliances with indigenous peoples?

Form fur trade alliance & military alliance against common enemies (e.g. Iroquois) & support future settlement & exploration.

What is a colony?

Territory under the full control of a country & populated by settlers from that country.

What is mercantilism?

Idea that amount of gold & silver a country had determined its power.

Describe the fur trade companies in early New France.

Henry IV gave control over to private companies; these companies were given a full monopoly over fur trade in exchange for settling people in the colony.

What privileges did Chartered Companies have?

Monopoly of fur trade, land ownership, full authority.

What obligations did Chartered Companies have?

Populating, administering & defending, assisting with evangelization.

What was the Company of 100 Associates?

Louis XIII gave 100 associates control over colony in 1627.

What were the two main goals of the Company of 100 Associates?

Evangelize nations and bring over 4000 colonists in 15 years.

What was the Communauté des Habitants?

100 Associates were in debt so gave a small # of colonists the right to be a part of the fur trade for a small fee (paid in fur).

What were the two ways to control territory?

Trading post and settlement colony.

How was fur exploited?

French alliance with Huron because they got fur from them; french quick to make alliances with indigenous for military support & fur.

What factors contributed to the Destruction of Huronia (1650)?

French troops burned Iroquois village to assert authority; the Iroquois convinced other natives to take fur away from the French.

Who were the Coureur de bois?

Young woodsmen who worked independently, traveled through the forest to obtain fur from natives, sold fur to merchants, and were considered illegal smugglers.

Describe trade agents regarding fur trade.

All people doing fur trade had to have a conge de traite; 25 per year were given; people were not allowed to trade with natives if they had no congé de traite.

Who were the Voyageurs?

Person hired by someone who has a conge de traite to engage in trade with natives.

What was the Beaver Crisis?

Despite CDT, fur was still overexploited leading to overabundance in fur drop of prices; French authorities reduced the size of hunting territory.

Who founded New France and when?

Samuel de Champlain founded New France (Quebec City) in 1608; first permanent settlement.

Why was Quebec chosen as a settlement?

Narrow river = easy to monitor the circulating ships; territory bordered the native territory; easier for alliances; Rivière St. Charles, close = was a passage for natives people to transport furs = made trading easier.

What was the founding of 3 riviere (1634)?

Champlain sent Sieur de Laviolette to found the city of 3 riviere to promote further trade.

Describe founding of Ville-Marie (1642).

Founded by Société de Notre Dame de Montreal; Jean Mance was the first nurse and it was an important meeting place for fur trade.

Who was Marguerite Bourgeoys?

She was a nun of the Congréation de Notre Dame de Montreal and the first teacher in Montreal.

What difficulties were encountered by 100 associates?

France + England at war; Kirk brothers seized Quebec & took fur.

Discuss the attack of Kirk Brothers.

100 Associates ship (carrying 400 colonists) intercepted by Kirk brother ships.

Describe New France around 1663.

Possessed a lot of territory but with a small population and an economy based on fur trade; the native population was much smaller.

Discuss alliances with Europeans regarding New France.

French allied with Innu, Algonquian & Maliseet, and allied with the Huron-Wendat confederacy, making them enemies with Iroquois.

Why did the Iroquois attack New France and its allies?

To gain control of the fur trade.

What happened in 1650 with the Iroquois?

Iroquois succeeded in destroying the Huron's; resulting in Hurons were killed, dispersed or adopted by Iroquois confederacy (destruction of huronia).

What were the consequences of the Iroquois attacks on the French?

Disruption of supply of furs and loss of many Hurons = loss of key allies.

What were the consequences of the Iroquois attacks on the natives?

Loss of key ally with the French (Huron Wendat), traditions & ways of life interrupted, and assimilation into iroquois way of life.

What were the main agreements of the Great Peace of Montreal (1701)?

Iroquois would not interfere with French or allies in fur trade; were given a role as mediator; would remain neutral in wars with Britain.

What is absolutism?

King not happy with 100 associates, took direct control, and put in place royal government.

Why did the King implement absolutism?

The company of 100 associates was in debt, so the King wanted to increase the population & develop the colony.

Who was the Minister of Marines?

Main advisor of King & minister responsible for French colonists who decided future of colony based on reports & advice he gets from colonial admin.

Who was the Governor?

Appointed by King; military leader; central authority figure and had to report actions to the King.

Who was the Intendant?

Managed budget (military spending), legal matters & internal affairs (settlement, economic agricultural develop, trade, public safety).

What was the Sovereign Council?

Highest court in New France, registered the royal verdict they would force on colony, heard appeals of judgement from other courts.

Who was Jean Talon?

An Intendant, takes care of economy & population of Quebec and was supposed to do this by raising population to 80000 inhabitants & diversifying the pop.

Who were the Filles du Roy?

Young French women (mostly orphans brought to France to live there and have baby. Assigned to raise population.

How was land divided in the seigneurial system?

Purpose was so colonists could easily have assessment to water (travel, agriculture).

Who owned land during the seigneurial system?

French nobility, members of religious community; seigners received money from censitaires (worker who worked on censives).

What made it difficult to diversify the economy?

Lack of capital, mercantilism, and lack of skilled labor.

How did Jean Talon bring new changes?

By wanting New France to produce its own supplies, develop animal husbandry, and diversify agriculture.

Why was agriculture becoming more important?

A surplus was made & supplied local markets and increased population & more land cleared by seigneurs which led to more farming.

Who were the main religious groups to arrive in Canada?

Recollects and Jesuits.

How were natives evangelized?

Evangelized by missionaries whose job was to convert the natives (catholique) and hoped that by building a French society in NA they would influence them to convert & become civilized.

What role did the church play?

Provided care for poor and sick and provided education for colonists and natives.

What was the role/purpose of the bishop?

Responsible for administering parishes, appointing parish priests & every thing else involving Catholicism in New France.

How did Catholicism suppose/do for French colonist?

People went to mass every Sunday (became part of peoples daily life) & took care of health and education.

What was the purpose of public squares?

Farmers sell their harvest & buy products imported from France.

What is the difference between French to France?

Colonist in Saint Lawrence valley are known as Canadiens and colonists in maritime are known as Acadiens and France refers to the French people.

What changes did colonist make due to geographical distance from the Mother Country?

Adapted to the climate (now had winter), clothing (cold clothes ex/ belt,hats,boots), transportation & house-buildings.

What is acclimatization?

Definition: adapting to the influence of a plate or culture.

What is the connection to Acclimatization?

Europeans learning native ways and slowly changing clothes, transportation, and house-building, which led to French having an "independent spirit".

Who are Domiciliés?

Indigenous Catholics who lived in réductions/missions.

What is acculturation?

Aboriginal groups adopted European goods ex; clothing, weapons, tools, food, conversions.

Why were natives susceptible to infectious diseases?

Natives never exposed to diseases from Europe, so they had no natural immunity leading to death.

What was the war of Augsburg (1689-1691)?

English tried to capture Quebec City (weren’t successful) French and native allies used “guerillar warfare” (hit & run) = no territory changes.

What was the war of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)?

Conflicts in Europe occurred over who should take over the Spanish throne and it extended to NF, 13 colonies attempted to invade NF (didn’t succeed).

What was the Treaty of Utrecht (1713)?

Ended the war of Spanish succession &war in Europe which resulted in land change: NF lost Acadia, Hudson’s Bay, Newfoundland and Iroquois territory but still controlled most territory.

What was the deportation of the acadiens and where did it occur?

Treaty of Utrecht gave part of Acadia to Brit’s, they deported around 13000 French acadians due to fear they would side with French in war, wanted to increase immigration to the colony & give fertile land to colonist as an incensive.