PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY (SIGMUND FREUD)

Libido

Sexual energy

Life instinct

• Serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race

• Oriented toward growth, development, and creativity

Death instinct

Aggressive drive

Id

• Original system of personality; at birth all person is id

• Primary source of psychic energy

• Lacks organization

• Ruled by the pleasure principle

Ego

• Has contact with the external world of reality

• Consciousness, censorship

• Ruled by the reality principle

Superego

• Moral code, good or bad, right or wrong

  • Represents the ideal rather than the real  and strives not for pleasure but for perfection

Unconscious

(stores all experiences, memories, and repressed material): a. Dreams 

b. Slips of the tongue and forgetting

c. Posthypnotic suggestions

d. Material derived from free-association techniques

e. Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms

Anxiety

• Feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience that emerge to the surface of awareness

• State of tension that motivates us to do something

• Develops out of a conflict among the id, ego, and superego

Reality anxiety

fear of danger from the external world (real threat)

Neurotic anxiety

the fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do something for which one will be punished

Moral anxiety

fear of one’s own conscience

Ego defense mechanism

• Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed

• Normal behaviors that can have adaptive value provided they do not become a style of life

  • a. Deny or distort reality b. Operate on an unconscious level

Psychosexual stages

Refer to the Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning in infancy

Oral stage

Deals with the inability to trust oneself and others, resulting in the fear of loving and forming close relationships and low self-esteem

Anal stage

Deals with the inability to recognize and express anger, leading to the denial of one's own power as a person and the lack of a sense of autonomy

Phallic stage

Deals with the inability to fully accept one's sexuality and sexual feelings, and also to difficulty in accepting oneself as a man or woman

Psychosocial stages

Basic psychological and social tasks, which individuals need to master at intervals from infancy through old age

Crisis

equivalent to a turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or to regress

Classical psychoanalysis

grounded on id psychology, and it holds that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development (both normal and abnormal)

Contemporary psychoanalysis

based on ego psychology, which does not deny the role of intrapsychic conflicts but emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout the human lifespan

Blank- screen approach

engage in very little self-disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality to foster a transference relationship, in which their clients will make projections onto them

Transference relationship

 "refers to the transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people in a person's present environment"

Free association

 try to say whatever comes to mind without self-censorship

Transference

• client's unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings and fantasies that are reactions to significant others in the client's past

• unconscious repetition of the past in the present

  • "It reflects the deep patterning of old experiences in relationships as they emerge in current life"

Working-through process

consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood

Interpretation

consists of the analyst's pointing out, explaining, and even teaching the client the meanings of behavior that is manifested in dreams, free association, resistances, and the therapeutic relationship itself

Dream analysis

• royal road to the unconscious

  • important procedure for uncovering unconscious material and giving the client insight into some areas of unresolved problems.

Latent content

consists of hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears

Manifest content

the dream as it appears to the dreamer.

Dream work

 the process by which the latent content of a dream is transformed into the less threatening manifest content

Resistance

anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material.

Analytical psychology

an elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion

Individuation

the harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality

Collective unconscious

"the deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and pre- human species"

Archetypes

images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious

Persona

a mask, or public face, that we wear to protect ourselves.

Animus, anima

represent both the biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are thought to coexist in both sexes

Shadow

has the deepest roots and is the most dangerous and powerful of the archetypes; represents our dark side, the thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward

Ego psychology

 part of classical psychoanalysis with the emphasis placed on the vocabulary of id, ego, and superego, and on Anna Freud's identification of defense mechanisms

Object- relations theory

how our relationships with other people are affected by the way we have internalized our experiences of others and set up representations of others within ourselves

Object

refer to that which satisfies a need, or to the significant person or thing that is the object, or target, of one's feelings or drives.

Self- psychology

emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self

Relational model

based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist

Normal infantile autism

• first 3 or 4 weeks of life

• infants are presumed to be responding more to states of physiological tension than to psychological processes

Symbiosis

• recognizable by the 3rd month and extends roughly through the 8th month.

• infant has pronounced dependency on the mother

Separation- individuation process

• 4th or 5th month

• the child moves away from symbiotic forms of relating.

• subphase: 36th month; constancy of self and object

Brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT)

 applies the principles of psychodynamic theory and therapy to treating selective disorders within a pre-established time limit of, generally, 10 to 25 sessions