Chapter 33-34: alterations in the reproductive system

delayed puberty

women = 13 or 14 with no period

boys are much older when this is diagnosed

precocious puberty

puberty starting earlier than supposed to

women get affected first

complex partial PP

completely secondary reasons for precocious puberty

incomplete partial PP

certain things will start to develop but not everything

isosexual mixed PP

same

appropriate for at birth gender

heterosexual mixed PP

different

secondary characteristics not aligning with their at birth gender

turner’s syndrome

XO

most tolerable out of all bc you can live with it

web necked appearances

evidence is no Barr body on nucleus on a female

Barr Body

deactivated X chromosomes found in females on the nucleus of the cells

Trisomy X

XXX

female, can go unnoticed

2 different barr bodies

can’t get pregnant

comes from both parents

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

XXY = males

more common now

breast development, small gonads, and shoulder are sloped

found with barr body in a male

Jacob’s syndrome

XYY = males

very small IQ

vert aggressive

no barr bodies

dad’s fault

an X chromosome to fall back on

what do males not have?

y chromosomes

exclusive to males

X chromosome

what chromosome is the default route?

aneuploid

no normal number of chromosomes

monosomy

lost one chromosome (46)

can cause damage to development

intersex

gonads get stuck on between F or M

androgen insensitivity syndrome

do not respond to testosterone

adrenal gland

where do we make testosterone

dysmenorrhea

painful periods

primary dysmenorrhea

painful periods with NO underlying reasons

secondary dysmenorrhea

a reason to why you should have painful periods

amenorrhea

absence of periods

primary amenorrhea

no menarche after 13

secondary amenorrhea

started and then stopped

can be due to months gaps at a time

pregnancy

hormonal dysregulation

PCOS

abnormal uterine bleeding

bleeding caused by abnormal uterine bleeding

polycystic ovarian syndrome

cause by secondary amenorrhea

can’t release egg

acne, weight gain, facial hair

have a link to insulin resistance

past ovulation

what is the luteal phase of cycle

PMS

premenstrual syndrome

cramping and bloating

PMDD

premenstrual dystopic disorder

symptomatic (moody)

pelvic inflammatory disease

results of untreated STIs

most likely gonorrhea and chlamydia

salpingitis

inflammation in the fallopian tubes

ectopic pregnancy can happen

oophoritis

inflammation of ovaries

vaginosis

inflammation of the vaginal canal

cervicitis

inflammation of cervix

vulvitis

inflammation of vulva

bartholinitis

inflammation in the gland that secretes fluid during intercourse

child birth

what causes pelvic relaxation disorders?

stress incontinence

what does pelvic relaxation disorders result in?

vaginal prolapse

vagina goes outside of the body

cystocele

bladder prolapse

urethrocele

urethra prolapse

rectocele

rectal prolapse

enterocele

large intestine prolapse

uterine prolapse

uterus prolapse

pessary and vaginal mesh

what are treatments for pelvic relaxation disorders?

pessary

put in like a diaphragm to keep organs in place

vaginal mesh

put mesh in surgically to keep organs in place

benign ovarian cysts

follicular cysts

corpus luteum cysts

dermoid cysts

follicular cysts

cyst within the follicles

has an egg

corpus luteum cysts

corpus ludium

egg already has been released

dermoid cysts

from tissues that make the ovaries

painful and unpleasant

possible for them to rupture

dermoid cysts are the most common

which benign ovarian cyst is the most common?

ovarian torsion

what can result due to benign ovarian cysts?

ovaries get twisted causing the nerve endings to get cut off

what is ovarian torsion?

endometrial polyps

inner lining of the uterus forms a polyp

leiomyomas

a group of benign smooth muscle tumors

These tumors are of monoclonal origin which arises from the smooth muscle of the uterus.

adenomyosis

endometrial lining proliferation, can cause it to go back

endometriosis

pieces of endometrial tissue scatters everywhere within the body

dyschezia

symptom of endometriosis

abnormally painful poops

very responsive to hormone levels

why do people with endometriosis have very painful periods?

pregnancy

what is a “treatment” for endometriosis?

cervical cancer

most common

hpv triggers

can be asymptomatic for a very long time

ovarian cancer

once signs and symptoms show it’s too late but it is possible to just remove the ovaries

vaginismus

spasm of the vagina which makes intercourse different

anorgasmia

inability of having orgasms

dyspareunia

painful intercourse

can come from lack of interest

both parents

who’s at fault for infertility?

unprotected sex for over a year and the female does not get pregnant

how do you clinically get diagnosed with infertility?

urethritis

which the urethra, becomes inflamed and irritated

causes pain while urinating and an increased urge to urinate.

Urethral stricture

scarring that narrows the tube that carries urine out of your body

phismosis

foreskin doesn’t retract

paraphismosis

foreskin can retract but cannot go back

peyronie disease

physical bend within the shaft

physical therapy can help

priapism

consequence of taking certain drugs

erections that can last for hours

balanoposthitis

inflammation of the whole penis

combo of balanitis and posthitis

balanitis

inflammation of the head

posthitis

inflammation of the shaft

condyloma acuminatum

associated with HPV

can depend on a man

penile cancer

what can condyloma acuminatum cause

penile cancer

rare but treatment can be drastic

varicocele

affects veins and makes them enlarged

looks like a bag of worms when cut open

hydrocele

water accumulating in the scrotum

spermatocele

epididymal cysts

can see many types resolve on their own

usually not threatening

cryptorchidism

testes don’t drop during fetal development

testicular torsion

testes get twisted bc they have shields of tissues

orchitis

inflammation of testes

testicular cancer

obvious lump in testes

can metastasize

can remove testicles if needed

epididymitis

certain STIs can cause this

impede epididymis to collect sperm cells

if too tight, too warm to produce sperm well

why do dr.’s recommend wearing different underwear if a couple is going through infertility?

produce semen

what does the prostate do?

benign prostatic hyperplasia

enlarged prostate

bladder outflow obstructions

what happens if you have an enlarged prostate often?

PSA

prostate specific antigen

can be bound or free

bound psa

attached to molecule

problem, can lead to prostate cancer

free PSA

high levels, no issue

not attached to a molecule

prostatitis

inflammation of prostate

prostate cancer

common

shave tissue around bladder

sexual dysfunction

erectile dysfunction (STI’s)

men cannot get an erection without nitric oxide

nursing homes

where did they fund the largest numbers of STIs?