Impact of Empire- Ireland and Scotland

The Pale

English colony in Ireland established by King Henry II in 1169, leading to English rulers seeing themselves as rulers of Ireland and stereotyping those living beyond the Pale as wild and savage.

Wars of the Three Kingdoms

Civil Wars in England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1639-1651, resulting in the execution of King Charles I and the rise of Oliver Cromwell in England.

Plantations

Protestant settlements in Ireland aimed at colonizing the country, particularly in Ulster, with the intention of loyal English settlers controlling the land and enforcing English laws and customs.

Nine Years' War

Conflict from 1688-1697 involving King Louis of France, William III (William of Orange), and James II, significant in William's invasion due to the wider European war context and support for James in Ireland.

Shipwreck Years (1689-91)

Period during the Williamite War in Ireland where the Jacobites initially had success, but disease struck William's army, leading to the Battle of the Boyne and the Battle of Aughrim, resulting in William's victory.

Treaty of Limerick

Signed on 3 October 1691, marking the end of the Williamite War and offering Irishmen who fought for James the choice to join William's army, return home, or leave for France.

Penal Laws

Enforced in Ireland from 1691-1728 to limit the power and wealth of Catholics, including restrictions on weapons, education, property rights, professions, voting, and public positions.

Irish Parliament

Lost connection with population; power centralized in Dublin Castle

Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

Appointed by London; accountable to English government

Protestant Ascendancy

Wealthy Protestant elite favored in Ireland post-1691

Church of Ireland

Offshoot of Church of England; favored by Ascendancy

English Woollen Act

1699 law prohibiting Irish woollen cloth exports

Declaratory Act

1720 ruling British parliament's authority over Ireland

Wood's halfpenny

1722-1725 event where Irish coinage rights given to English

Lowland Scots

English-speaking dominant group in Scottish Parliament

Highland Scots

Gaelic-speaking clan-based community in northern mountains

Union of Crowns

1603 arrangement with shared monarch for England and Scotland

Battle of Killiecrankie

1689 conflict between Jacobites and government troops

Glencoe Massacre

1692 event where MacDonalds killed after oath delay

Jacobites

Supporters of James II's claim to the throne

William's Determination

William sought allegiance from clans to prevent rebellion

Highland Clan Example

William aimed to instill fear by making an example of a clan

Highlander's Attachment

The event strengthened Highlander's loyalty to James II

Highlanders vs. Governments

The event deepened the division between Highlanders and English/Scottish governments

Scottish Economic Crisis

Scotland faced dire poverty due to unequal relations with England

Navigation Act Impact

Act prevented Scottish ships from trading with England and colonies

Darien Scheme Proposal

William Paterson proposed a Scottish colony in Panama for trade

Darien Scheme Failure

Failed due to poor supplies, English undermining, and harsh conditions

English Undermining

English actions obstructed the success of the Darien Scheme

Darien Settlement Conditions

Settlers faced harsh conditions leading to high mortality rates

Act of Settlement 1701

Established Hanoverians as successors to the English throne

Scottish Act of Security

Asserted Scotland's right to choose its next monarch independently

Scottish Wool Trade Law

Allowed Scotland to trade wool with nations at war with England

Aliens Act of 1705

English act threatened economic sanctions on Scotland

Union with Scotland Push

English sought union with Scotland for military and security reasons

Reasons for Union

Security, economic concessions, and debt relief from Darien Scheme

Arguments for Union

Included high position in London parliament and greater security

Arguments Against Union

Mainly concerned with loss of identity, independence, and increased taxation

Parliament's Decision for Union

Despite public opposition, parliament supported union for security and economic benefits

Union of Scotland and England

1707 agreement creating Great Britain with one monarch and parliament

Treaty of Union

Agreement between English and Scottish parliaments in 1706

Darien Scheme

Failed Scottish colony, debt forgiven in exchange for union

Act of Union

Legislation merging Scotland and England into one nation

House of Lords

English political body bribing Scottish politicians for union support

Jacobite Rebellion

1715 uprising against Hanoverian succession in Scotland

Disarming Act

1716 law prohibiting Highlanders from carrying weapons

Malt Tax Riots

1725 protests in Scotland against tax increase

Royal Bank of Scotland

Bank where Darien Scheme losses were compensated

Cruiser and Convoy Act

1708 law protecting Scotland with Royal Navy

General Wade

Military leader suppressing riots in 1725

Levellers Movement

1724 protest against landlords evicting tenants

Military Roads

Infrastructure built by General Wade for troop movement

Hanoverian Succession

Succession of George of Hanover as British monarch in 1714

Act of Settlement

1701 English law ensuring Protestant succession to the throne

Old Pretender

James Edward Stuart, contender for the British throne

Earl of Mar

Leader of 1715 Jacobite uprising in Scotland

Highlanders

Scottish group supporting Jacobite causes

Lowlanders

Scottish group experiencing rise in living standards post-union

Flemish and Irish Weavers

Immigrant groups boosting Scotland's linen industry

Smuggling

Common practice due to high taxes post-union

Colonial Rule

Perception of distant London governance in Scotland

Social Unrest

Increased dissatisfaction with class divides post-union

Capital Wealth Transfer

Movement of Scottish wealth to London after the union

British Empire Exploitation

Scotland's economic boom from empire involvement

Corruption Cases

Instances of bribery involving Scottish elites post-union