GEOGRAPHY EXAM STUDY NOTE

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WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?

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89 Terms

1

WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?

the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments

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2

SENSE OF PLACE

refers to how the physical layout of a space can have an emotional impact on a person

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SPATIAL INTERACTION

  • refers to how places interact with each other

  • how things and people interact inside a space

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SPATIAL PATTERN

refers to the layout of a space and how it has changed over time

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5

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Focuses on humans, their populations, and how they interact with their environment

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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

focuses on the dynamics of landscapes and the environment.

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GPS

a device that determines its own location based on the signal from about four satellites

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GIS

A system that creates digital maps that help provide an understanding of spatial patterns and relationships

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7 LANDFORM REGIONS

  • Canadian Shield

  • Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands

  • Hudson Bay

  • Interior Plains

  • Appalachian Mountains

  • Innuitian Mountains – Arctic Lowlands

  • Western Cordillera

<ul><li><p>Canadian Shield</p></li><li><p>Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands</p></li><li><p>Hudson Bay</p></li><li><p>Interior Plains</p></li><li><p>Appalachian Mountains</p></li><li><p>Innuitian Mountains – Arctic Lowlands</p></li><li><p>Western Cordillera</p></li></ul>
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WEATHER

conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time

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CLIMATE

is how the atmosphere “behaves” over relatively long periods of time

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE

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LATITUDE

  • distance from the equator

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14

OCEAN CURRENTS

  • movement of water from one location to another affects the temperature of the air that passes over it

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WIND AND AIR MASSES

four air masses in Canada: Polar – cold, Maritime – moist, Continental – dry, Tropical - warm

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ELEVATION(ALTITUDE)

  • distance from the water level going up

  • higher the elevation, the lower the temperature

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RELIEF

  • the change of elevation and that can cause precipitation

  • cooling leads to condensation on the windward side leaving the leeward side of the mountain is left dry

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NEAR WATER

  • climates around bodies of water are moderate

  • level of precipitation is relatively high

  • those away from the water are likely to have extreme changes in climate

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CLIMATE REGIONS

  • Arctic

  • taiga

  • cordillera

  • pacific maritime

  • boreal

  • prairie

  • southeastern

  • Atlantic maritime

<ul><li><p>Arctic</p></li><li><p>taiga</p></li><li><p>cordillera</p></li><li><p>pacific maritime</p></li><li><p>boreal</p></li><li><p>prairie</p></li><li><p>southeastern</p></li><li><p>Atlantic maritime</p></li></ul>
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VEGETATION REGIONS

  • Tundra

  • West Coast Forest

  • Cordilleran Vegetation

  • Boreal and Taiga Forest

  • Grassland

  • Mixed Forest

  • Deciduous Forest

<ul><li><p>Tundra</p></li><li><p>West Coast Forest</p></li><li><p>Cordilleran Vegetation</p></li><li><p>Boreal and Taiga Forest</p></li><li><p>Grassland</p></li><li><p>Mixed Forest</p></li><li><p>Deciduous Forest</p></li></ul>
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LAYERS OF EARTH

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THE CRUST

  • made up of solid rock

  • varies in thickness

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THE MANTLE

is a thick layer of molten rock (called magma)

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THE CORE

made up of an outer liquid layer and a solid center.

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ALFRED WEGENER:

  • 300 million years ago all earth’s land masses were in constant motion and collided to form one supercontinent called PANGAEA (“all land”)

  • About 200 million years ago Pangaea started to break up

  • Pieces drifted in different directions to their present positions.

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TYPES OF INDUSTRIES

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PRIMARY INDUSTRY

  • referred to as extraction

  • industries that extract or produce raw materials

  • mining, forestry, fishing, agriculture

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SECONDARY INDUSTRY

  • referred to as manufacturing

  • changes raw materials into usable products through processing and manufacturing

  • manufacturing, engineering, chemical, clothing, brewing industries

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TERTIARY INDUSTRY

  • referred to as service industries

  • provide essential services and support to allow other levels of industry to function

  • finance, utilities, education, retail, housing, medical etc.

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QUATERNARY INDUSTRY

  • referred to as information industries

  • involves advanced technology and the transfer of information

  • app creations, software development, experimentations for curing diseases, inquiry-based research

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QUINARY

  • responsible for services provided by the highest levels of organization in society

  • includes services such as government, military, education, and healthcare decision-making processes

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DEPENDENCY THEORY

the idea that resources flow from poor and underdeveloped countries to wealthy countries, enriching the latter at the expense of the former

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ROSTOW’S TRADE THEORY

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Traditional society

rural, no technology, local trade (no countries in this stage)

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Pre-conditions to take off

the beginning of urbanization, transportation systems develop, mechanized farming. (ex. Afghanistan)

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Take off

urbanization starting all over the country, international trade has begun (ex Philippines)

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Drive to maturity

specialization of industry, investment in social infrastructure, Improved technology. (ex. Brazil, Russia, china)

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High mass consumption

advanced technology and communication, skilled workforce. (example Canada)

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<p>WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY</p>

WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY

resources from the periphery(underdeveloped countries) and semi-periphery(developing countries) are sent to the core(developed countries) where these resources are converted into goods and sent back into the periphery and semi-periphery

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TARIFFS

  • Tariffs are taxes on items leaving or entering a country

  • tariffs raise revenue, protect domestic industries, or exert political leverage over another country.

  • Tariffs often result in unwanted side effects, such as higher consumer prices

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COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

The ability of an individual country to specialize in a good or service at a lower cost than trade with other countries who specializes in different good or service at a low cost so both countries can receive goods at a lower cost, overall benefiting them both

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DEMOGRAPHY

is the study of populations, population density, and historical trends in population growth

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43

BIRTH RATE

# of births /population x 1000

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DEATH RATE

# of deaths /population x 1000

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EMIGRATION

# of emigrations/population x 1000

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IMMIGRATION

# immigrations/population x 1000

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NATURAL INCREASE

Birth rate − death rate = rate of natural increase

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NET MIGRATION RATE

(Immigration -Emigration ) / Total Population x 1000

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POPULATION GROWTH

Natural Increase + Net Migration

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POPULATION GROWTH RATE

Population Growth/1000 x 100%

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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

Used to help describe the change from a high birth and death rate to a low birth and death rate

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STAGE 1 (PRE-TRANSITION):

birth and death rate are high (some growth)

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STAGE 2 (EARLY TRANSITION):

  • birth rate is high

  • death rate drops dramatically

  • results in population explosion

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STAGE 3 (LATE TRANSITION):

  • birth rate drops quickly

  • death rate continues to decline

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STAGE 4 (POST-TRANSITION):

  • birth rate stabilizes

  • death rate slightly increases as population ages

  • fewer children more senior

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DECLINING POPULATION

Canada’s population is slowly decreasing due to its large senior population of baby boomers, therefore, increasing death rates

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DEPENDENCY LOAD

The part of the population that relies on the working population for support(children 0-15, seniors 65+)

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POPULATION PYRAMIDS

A series of stages that countries are assumed to go through the same pattern

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STAGE 1 (RAPID)

  • High child dependency

  • Low senior population

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STAGE 2 (EXPANDING):

  • Growing working age group

  • Low senior population

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STAGE 3 (STABILIZING):

  • Growing senior population

  • More even distribution

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STAGE 4 (STABLE/DECLINING/CONTRACTING):

  • Low child dependency

  • High working population

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PUSH FACTORS

Factors that cause people to leave the country in which they live

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PULL FACTORS

Factors that draw immigrants to a different country

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INTERVENING OBSTACLES

Forces that discourage or stop someone from following through on their decision to immigrate.

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IMMIGRATION

Migrating into a place (into a place)

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EMIGRATION

migrating away from a place (exiting a place)

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REFUGEES

a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

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CANADA’S POPULATION HISTORICALLY

  • The First Nations and Inuit of Canada are the original inhabitants

  • Immigrants from Europe came and dominated the land causing a descendant of immigrants in Canada

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CANADA’S POPULATION PRESENT

  • Aging Population

  • High Life Expectancy

  • Increasing Death Rate

  • Decreasing Birth Rate

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CANADA’S POPULATION FUTURE

  • More immigrants

  • High senior population

  • Low children population

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CANADA’S IMMIGRATION PATTERNS

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1840s

Irish settlers - left due to the devastating potato crop failure causing starvation.

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1905-1914

Eastern Europe - Canadian government offered free land and other incentives to immigrants

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1947-1960

Italians - trying to flee the devastation caused by WWII

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1956

Hungarians - failed revolt against the Soviet Union

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1980-1997

Hong Kong Chinese - searching for political stability

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1980-2003

Afghanistans - seeking safety from conflicts in their country.

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2015

Syria- 73,000 refugees from due to war.

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2022

Ukaine - trying to flee the invading of Russia

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IMMIGRATION PROS

  • Immigrants help replace the previous working population, the baby boomers,

  • Immigrants help provide for the dependency load

  • Immigrants help sustain the economy

  • Bring education and knowledge from other countries which can benefit Canada

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IMMIGRATION CONS

  • Some people take advantage of the immigration system by claiming refugee status for immediate entry into the country

  • Some immigrants may not be qualified to assist in the economy (senior citizens or children)

  • Overcrowding, therefore, there is a demand for more necessities such as housing, hospitals, etc

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URBAN LAND USES

  1. Residential (housing developments/ apartments)

  2. Transportation (infrastructure= roads, railroads)

  3. Institutional and public buildings (schools, government buildings, community centers)

  4. Open Space and recreational (parks, forests, lakes)

  5. Industrial (factories, plants)

  6. Commercial (grocery stores, malls, shops, etc)

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URBAN SPRAWL

the spreading of urban structures into areas surrounding a city in order to provide more for a community

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SUSTAINABILITY

  • when a place can be maintained at a certain level for as long as is needed.

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86

Walkability

is the accessibility to necessary everyday stores and places

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BID-RENT FUNCTION

describes the price range that a household (or firm) would be willing to pay at various locations in order to achieve a given level of satisfaction

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SUBURBS

Residential areas outside of main urban areas that are connected to the city by main roads.

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EXURBS

Residential areas outside main urban areas that are not connected to the city by main roads (e.g. farm/open space).

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