Kines 227 Exam 1 - Intro to Structural Kinesiology

Anatomical position

Standing upright, feet parallel to the floor, eyes looking forward, arms at side, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body

Superior

Above, towards the head

Inferior

Below, towards the feet

Proximal

Closer to an attached area or the trunk

Distal

Further from an attached area or the trunk

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Anterior (ventral)

Front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

Back of the body

Deep

Towards the inside

Superficial

Towards the surface

Sagittal plane

Separates the body into right and left

Frontal (coronal) plane

Separates the body into anterior and posterior

Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior regions

Midsagittal plane

Plane down the middle separating the body into equal right and left halves

Anteroposterior axis

Perpendicular to the frontal plane; ex. jumping jacks

Transverse axis

Perpendicular to the sagittal plane; ex. bicep curls or nodding yes

Vertical axis

Perpendicular to the transverse plane; ex. shaking your head no

Frontal

Forehead

Occipital

Base of skull

Orbital

Eye

Otic

Ear

Nasal

Nose

Buccal

Cheek

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Clavicular

Collar bone

Pectoral

Chest

Sternal

Breastbone

Costal

Rib

Scapula

Shoulder blade

Vertebral

Spinal column

Lumbar

Lower back

Coxal

Hip

Sacral

Between hips

Gluteal

Buttock

Acromial

Point of shoulder

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Olecranon

Point of elbow

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Palmar

Palm

Dorsal

Back of hand

Digital

Finger

Femoral

Thigh

Patella

Kneecap

Popliteal

Back of knee

Sural

Calf

Crural

Leg

Talus

Ankle

Dorsum

Top of foot

Tarsal

Instep

Plantar

Bottom of foot

Digital

Toe

Long bone

Bone that is longer than they are wide; ex. femur

Short bone

Bone that is as wide as it is long; ex. cuneiforms in the foot

Flat bone

Bone that is flat…ex. sternum

Irregular bone

Bone shape that doesn’t fit into another category; ex. vertebra

Sesamoid bone

Bones that sit in the middle of a tendon; ex. knee cap

Pneumatized bone

Bone with air filled categories; ex. ethmoid or sphenoid in the skull

Condyle

Large rounded projection that articulates with another bone

Facet

Small flat surface on a bone that articulates with another bone

Head

Rounded proximal end of a bone that articulates with another bone

Epicondyle

Projection above a condyle for muscle attachment

Ramus

Part of an irregular bone; thicker than a process for muscle attachment

Spine (bone)

Sharp projection on a bone for muscle attachment

Trochanter

Very large projection on a bone for muscle attachment

Tubercle

Small projection on a bone for muscle attachment

Tuberosity

Large projection on a bone for muscle attachment

Axial skeleton

Includes the skull, spinal column, and ribs

Appendicular skeleton

Includes the upper and lower limbs, meaning the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle

Articulation

Where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth; vary in mobility and stability

The relationship between mobility and stability

Most mobile, means least stable. Immobile means most stable.

Factors that influence joint stability

• Shape of articular surfaces

• More ligaments = more stable joint

• Muscle tone keeps tension on tendons to stabilize them

Diarthroses

Freely mobile joints

Synovial Joint

Articulating bones are separated by a fluid filled joint cavity including an articular capsule, synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid, articular cartilage, intrinsic/extrinsic ligaments, nerves and blood vessels (but vessels are not within the joint cavity)

Uniaxial joint

Joint involved in rotation and angular motion (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction). Examples are pivot joints and hinge joints.

Biaxial joint

Joint involved in angular motion (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction). Example is a condylar joint

Multiaxial joint

Joint involved in angular motion (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction), rotation (medial and lateral), and circumduction. Examples are plane joints, saddle joints, and ball and socket joints.

Pivot Joint

Hinge joint

Saddle joint

Plane joint

Condyloid joint

Ball and socket joint

Joint arthrokinematics

Motion between articular surfaces. Most synovial joints are comprised of one bone with a concave articular surface, and one with a convex articular surface. This helps them to roll, glide, and spin so they don’t dislocate.

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between two bones or parts of the body. Occurs in the sagittal plane on the transverse axis of the body. Examples are the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, digits, spine, hip, and knee.

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between two bones or parts of the body. Occurs in the sagittal plane on the transverse axis of the body. Examples are the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, digits, spine, hip, and knee.

Lateral flexion

Bending the vertebral column to the side. Occurs in the frontal plane along the anteroposterior axis of the body. Occurs in the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions)

Rotation

Turning around a central vertical axis. Occurs in the transverse plane on the vertical axis.

Medial rotation

Rotation of the limbs when the anterior surface is turned medially towards the midline.

Lateral rotation

Rotation of the limbs (shoulder and hip) when the anterior surface is turned laterally away from the midline.

Abduction

Movement of the limb/digit away from the midline. Occurs in the frontal plane on the anteroposterior axis. Occurs in the shoulder, digits, and hip.

Adduction

Movement of the limb/digit towards from the midline. Occurs in the frontal plane on the anteroposterior axis. Occurs in the shoulder, digits, and hip.

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm (radius) medially, causing the palm to face downwards. Occurs in the transverse plane on the vertical axis.

Supination

Rotation of the forearm (radius) laterally, causing the palm to face upwards. Occurs in the transverse plane on the vertical axis.

Opposition

Movement of the pad of the thumb/pinky to touch another finger

Reposition

Reversal of opposition