IB History Paper 3 Review

Good Neighbor Policy

A departure from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, it stressed nonintervention in Latin America. It was begun by Herbert Hoover but associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936 and 1937 to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling muntions to foreign belligerents.

Quarantine Speech

An important speech delivered by Franklin Roosevelt in which he called for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" land- hungry dictators, presumably through economic embargos. The speech flew in the face of isolationist politicians.

Appeasement

The policy followed by leaders of Britain and France at the 1938 conference by Munich Their purpose was to avoid war, but they allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.

Hitler- Stalin Pact

Treaty signed on August 23, 1939 in whcih Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. The fateful agreement paved the way for German agression against Poland and the Western democracies.

Neutrality Act of 1939

This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships. The terms were known as "Cash- and- Carry". It represented an effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms- carriers from torpedo attacks.

Kristallnacht

German for "night of broken glass," it refers to the murderous progrom that destroyed Jewish buisnesses and synagogues and sent thousands to concentration camps on the night of November 9, 1938. Thousands more attempted to find refuge in the United States, but were ultimately turned away due to restrictive immigration laws.

War- Refuge Bond

A United States agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied territories and to provide relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps. The agency performed noble work, but it did not begin operations until very late in the war, after millions and already been murdered.

Lend- Lease Bill

Based on the motto, "Send guns, not sons," this law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis powers. Patriotically numbered 1776, the bill was praised as a device for keeping the Nation out of WWII.

Atlantic Charter

Meetingon a warship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed this covenant outlining the future path toward disarmament, peace, and a permenant system of general security. Its spirit would animate the founding of the United Nations and raise awareness of the human rights of indiviuals after WWII.

Pearl Harbor

An American naval base in Hawaii where Japaneses warplanes destroyed numerous shisp and caused 3,000 casualties on December 7, 1941- a day that in President Roosevelt's words, was to "live in infamy." The attack brought the United States into WWII.

ABC-1 Agreement

An agreement between Britain and the U.S. developed at a conference in Washington D.C., between January 29- March 27,1941, that should the United States enter WWII, the two nations and their allies would coordinate their military planning, making a priority of protecting the British Commonwealth. That would mean "getting Germany first" in atlantic and the European theater and fighting more defensively on other military fronts.

Executive Order 9066

Order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorizing the War Department to remove Japanese "enemy aliens" to isolated internment camps. Immigrants and citizens alike were sent away from their homes, neighbors, schools, and buisnesses. The Japanese internment policy was held to be constitutional by the United States Supreme Court in Korematsu vs. U.S.

War Production Board (WPB)

Established in 1942 by executive order to direct all war production, including procuring and allocating raw materials, to maximize the nation's war machine. It had sweeping powers over the U.S. economy and was abolished in November 1945 soon after Japan's defeat.

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

A critically important wartime agency charged with regulating the consumer economy through rationing scarce supplies, such as automobiles, tires, fuel, nylon, and sugar, and by curbing inflation by setting ceilings on the price of goods. Rents were controlled as well in parts of the country overwhelmed by war workers. It was extended after WWII ended to continue the fight against inflatioin, but was abolished in 1947.

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

Established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to act as an arbitration tribunal and mediate disputes between labor and management that might have led to war stoppages and thereby undermined the war effort. It was also charged with adjusting wages with an eye to controlling inflation.

Smith- Connally Anti- Strike Act

Passed amidst worries about the effects that labor strikes would have on war production, this law allowed the federal government to seize and operate plants threatened by labor disputes. It also criminalized strike action against government- run companies.

Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAACs)

The women's branch of the US Army, established during WWII to employ women in noncombat jobs. Women now participated in the armed services in ways that went beyond their traditional role as nurses.

Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)

The women's branch of the US Navy, established during WWII to employ women in noncombat jobs. Women now participated in the armed services in ways that went beyond their traditional role as nurses.

U.S. Coast Guard Women's Reserve (SPARs)

The women's branch of the US Coast Guard, established during WWII to employ women in noncombat jobs. Women now participated in the armed services in ways that went beyond their traditional role as nurses.

Bracero Program

Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agriultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The program persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings.

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

Threatened with a massive "Negro March on Washington" to demand equal job opportunities in war jobs and in the military, Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration issued an executive order forbidding racial discrimination in all defense plants operating under contract with the federal government. It was intended to monitor compliance with the Executive Order.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V"- Victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After WWII, it became a major force in the civil rights movement.

Code Talkers

Native American men who served in the military by transmitting radio messages in their native languages, which were undecipherable by German and Japanese spies.

Battle of Midway

A pivotal naval battle fought near the island of Midway on June 3-6, 1942. The vicctory halted Japanese advances in the Pacific.

D- Day

A massive military operation led by American forces in Normandy beginning on June 6, 1944. The pivotal battle led to the liberation of France and broght on the final phases of WWII in Europe.

V-E Day

The source of frenzied rejoicing, May 8, 1945 marked the offical end to the war in Europe, following the unconditional surrender of what remained of the German government.

Potsdam Conference

Fram July 17 to August 2, 1945, President Harry S Truman met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British leaders Winston Churchill and later Clement Attlee (when the Labour party defeated Churchill's Conservative party) near Berlin to deliver an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed.

Manhattan Project

Code name for the American commission established in 1942 to develop the atomic bomb. The first experimental bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the desert of New Mexico. Atomic bombs were then dropped on two cities in Japan in hopes of bringing the war to an end: Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.

V-J Day

August 15, 1945 heralded the surrender of Japan and the final end to WWII.

MacArthur (Douglas)

The commanding general of the Allied land forces in the Pacific, who created a plan to storm unarmed islands close to Japan by using the "Island Hop" tactic.

Eisenhower (Dwight D.)

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WWII--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion and was later elected president

Truman (Harry S.)

vice president who became president when FDR died in April 1945; he was elected on his own in 1948. He ordered the use of atomic bombs on Japan to end World War II, set the course of postwar containment of communism in the Cold War, and created a Fair Deal program to carry on the New Deal's domestic agenda.

Einstein (Albert)

20th Century scientist revolutionized the way scientists thought about space, time and matter, the most notable being his theory of relativity.