Chapter 1-3

What specialized cells conduct electrochemical impulses?

Neurons

What does the cell Body/ Soma contain?

It contains the nucleus of the cell

What are dendrites?

roots that receive incoming messages from other neurons

what do axons carry?

It carries messages from neuron to neuron like a wire

What do Axon terminals release?

they release neurotransmitters into the space between neurons (synapse)

What is Myelin made up?

it is made up of Glial Cells

What does Myelin help with?

It helps insulate the axon and help messages be carried more efficiently

what do sensory Neurons do ?

They send messages back to the central nervous system from outside sensation or in other words (touch)

What do Motor Neurons do?

They send messages from the central nervous system to the muscle and glands

what are Sensory neurons called?

Afferent Neurons

what are Motor Neurons called?

Efferent Neurons

Resting Potential

recharging

Action Potential

Its exited to act and becomes positively charged

Polarization

it carries hyper negative charge

Depolarization

It becomes Positively charged

Threshold

Neurons are stimulating for fire

Refractory period

it cannot do anything right now because its needs time to rest and recover (cool dow period)

What is both electrical and chemical?

Neural impulse

What happens when the impulse reaches the Synapse?

It triggers the release of the chemicals compounds from the axon terminals into the synaptic cleft

There are two types of Neurotransmitters called?

excitatory and Inhibitory

what does Acetylcholine do?

• controls muscle contraction

• excites neurons that cause motor muscles to move

• presents the hippocampus for memory formation

What does hypo campus stand for ?

It makes new neurons and is a long term storage

what does dopamine do ?

• pleasure and voluntary movement

• drugs and positive experience heighten dopamine levels

What is dopamine linked to ?

• Parkinsos’s disease

• Hallucinations

What are the names of the four Neurotransmitters?

1. Norepinephrine

2. Serotonin

3. Gamma- aminobutyric Acid

4. Endorphins

What does Norepinephrine transmitter do ?

• they speed u the heart beat

• involves arousal, learning memory and eating

• Deficiencies to impair memory formation for example Altimeters

What does Serotonin Transmitters do?

emotional arousal and sleep

What is Serotonin Transmitter Linked to ?

sleeping and eating disorder

What does Gamma- aminobutyric Acid Transmitters do?

calm anxiety reactions

What is Gamma- aminobutyric Acid Transmitter linked to?

Depression

Somatic Nervous system

transmits messages about outside stimuli to the CNS, and transmits commands from the CNS to the extremities

automatic Nervous System

• regulates glands and nucleus organs ( heartbeat, breathing, digestion)

• sympathetic Division spends stored energy from fight-to-flight (inhibits digestions, increases breathing)

• Parasympathetic division replenishes that energy( makes us hungry, slow breathing)

What contains white and Grey matter ?

The spinal Cord and Brain

What does white matter contain ?

It contains long, myelinated axons that communicate with the brain

what does Grey matter contain?

Non-myelinated neurons

What does EEG record?

it records the electricity activity of the brain

What Does CAT measure ?

uses X-rays to measure brain stricture

What does PET trace?

Traces glucose activity in the brain using radioactive compound

What does MRI measure?

It measures blood flow in brain using a strong magnetic field

what does FMRI observe?

Looking at brain while actively engaging

Medulla regulates

heart rate, blood pressure and breathing

Pons regulate

Body movement, attention, breathing, sleep, and arousal

What is another name for cerebellum?

Little Brain

Cerebellum

maintains balance and controls motor coordination

Reticular Formation

its important for attention, sleep, arousal, and sensory formation

• injury may result in coma .

What does Limbic System make up?

it makes up fight or Flight system and drives the urges

Limbic System

• Contains aggression and fear

• The hyppocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

What does Thalamus relay on ?

relays sensory information to the other areas of the brain. Or in other words its the Operator Lady

What does hypothalamus regulates and involves?

• regulates body Temperature

• involves instinctual behavior like aggression, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

what does Cerebrum contains?

Contains all higher order. Important stuff get processed. Like thinking, language, and other cognitive abilities PS: Critical Thinking

corpus Callous is divided into?

Left and right hemisphere are connected

What happens if the Corpus Callous is cut?

The brain will not be able to communicate with the other side of your brain.

Frontal lobe

Contains association areas in prefrontal cortex concentrated with higher -order thinking

Parietal Lobe

Contains Somatosensory which receives sensory messages to your skin

Temporal Lobe

contains auditory cortex which receives and translates messages from vibration to ear

Occipital Lobe

stimulation of this area results in visual sensation

Left hemisphere contains?

Areas of language

damaged areas in the brain that understands language but disrupts ability to produce it its called ?

Aphasia

Brocas area

Process of spoken language

Wernickes area

it processes sound and translates them into meaning, processes written words and turns them into sound for your brain

An example for Aphasia is ?

Called words salad which tries to say something but really are saying random words that don’t fix concepts

What makes up glands ?

Secretory organs without ducts (passageway Transmitters)

Glands

• Release regulatory hormones in bloodstream

• Hormones help maintain homeostasis

Pituitary Gland is the ?

Master Gland

Pineal Glands

secretes melatonin and contains light sensitive cells

Thyroid Gland

secretes thyroxin, affecting metabolism

Adrenal Gland

Secrete corticosteroids and norepinephrine

Testes and Ovaries

Produce steroids as well as hormones like testerones, estrogen, and progesterone

What do Neurons specialized in?

In cells of the nervous system that conduct impulse

What do Neurons Receive?

Messages

What do Glia Cells remove?

They remove dead neurons and waste products from nervous system

What forms a fatty insulting substances?

Myelin

What extends like a trunk from the cell body?

an axon

What are Axons?

they are thin but can carry messages from toes to spinal cord

what can axons do?

they branch in different directions

when you drop something on your toes, what happens?

sensation, Sensory, and then transmit to the spinal Cord and through Brain

what happens with Afferent Neurons?

You experience pain

What do Neurons send?

Messages to your foot

What do motor Neurons Transmit?

Messages from brain or Spinal Cord o muscle glands

What do sensory Neurons Transmit?

messages from sensory receptor to spinal cord and brain

what travels around neurons and electrochemical nature ?

Neural Impulses

what’s the process by which impulses travel electrochemical?

electrochemical Voyage

When electrochemical potential doesn’t respond to other neurons it’s called?

Resting Potential

What is resting Potential?

resting Neurons and the area where positive charge is allowed

what is another word for positive charged?

Depolarized

what is the electrochemical impulses that provides neutral impulses along an axon or a neuron?

Action Potential

How do messages voyage from neuron to neuron ?

it releases neurotransmitters

what happens if neurons don’t fire unless messages combine to reach strenght?

Threshold

Through what process does neuron rely on messaging other neurons?

Synapse

What is the chemical key to communication?

Neurotransmitters

What prevents neurons from firing?

Excitatory and inhibitory

what neurotransmitter controls muscles contraction ?

acetylcholine

ACh is prevented in what part of the brain?

Hippocampus

What neurotransmitter has the ability to receive pleasure, voluntary movement, and learning movement?

Dopamine

What neurotransmitter involves emotional arousal and feel deficiencies?

Serotonin

What is serotonin linked to?

eating disorder, depression, and agression

what neurotransmitters help calm anxiety reactions?

GABA

What is an Inhibitory transmitters ?

Endorphing

What acts as a neurotransmitter and hormone ?

Norepinephrine