Edexcel A-Level Chemistry Paper 1

nucleon number

What is another name for the mass number?

proton number

What is another name for the atomic number?

atom of the same element with the same atomic number

and a different number of neutrons

relative to the mass of 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom

How is relative atomic mass measured?

+1

What charge are ions in a mass spectrometer?

m/z (mass / charge)

What unit is given by a mass spectrometer?

organic compound

What type of compound produces an M+1 peak?

carbon-13 is present in small amounts

Why are M+1 peaks seen in mass spectrometry?

s

p

spherical

What shape are s-orbitals?

elongated dumbbells

What shape are p-orbitals?

chromium and copper

Which elements have unusual electronic configurations including 4s1 where 4s2 may be expected?

4s

Which shell fills up first? [3d/4s]

2p

Which shell fills up first? [2p/3s]

orbitals in a subshell receive one electron

then two before moving onto the next subshell

A(g) -> A+(g) + e-

What is the equation for first ionisation energy (IE1)?

A+(g) -> A2+(g) + e-

What is the equation for second ionisation energy (IE2)?

energy needed to remove one mole of the outermost electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms to produce one mole of gaseous ions with a charge of +1

What is the definition of first ionisation energy (IE1)?

group 1

An element has a large jump between IE1 and IE2. What group is the element?

group 3

An element has a large jump between IE3 and IE4. What group is the element in?

orbital

nuclear charge

outermost electron is in an s-orbital

What is an s-block element?

outermost electron is in a p-orbital

What is a p-block element?

outermost electron is in a d-orbital

What is a d-block element?

covalent radius

What is the distance between two covalently bonded nuclei?

van der Waals radius

What is the distance between two non-bonded nuclei?

high melting temperature

good conductivity

there are many forces of attraction

Why do metals have high melting temperatures?

delocalised electrons can carry a charge

Why do metals have good electrical conductivity?

delocalised electrons and cations can pass kinetic energy along the metal

Why do metals have good thermal conductivity?

layers of cations can slide past one another

Why are metals malleable and ductile?

attraction between oppositely charged ions > repulsion between like charged ions

How are ions arranged in an ionic solid?

small

Which ions make stronger ionic bonds? [Large/Small]

negative

What sign is the charge on an anion?

positive

What sign is the charge on a cation?

combined electrostatic forces of attraction among all ions is large

Why do ionic compounds have high melting temperatures?

ions repel when layers slide

Why are ionic compounds brittle?

no delocalised electrons

ions cannot move

ions are mobile and will move to opposite electrodes

Why are ionic liquids good electrical conductors?

lithium nitride (Li3N)

batteries

electrolysis

What is used as evidence for the existence of ions?

end-on

What type of overlap causes sigma bonding?

s-orbitals

p-orbitals

sideways

What type of overlap causes pi bonding?

p-orbitals

Which orbitals can undergo pi bonding?

double or triple

What type of covalent bonds are pi bonds?

ability of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

What is electronegativity?

up a group

across a period

different electronegativities

What causes covalent bonds to be polar?

electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

What is a discrete (simple) molecule?

empty orbital of one atom overlaps with an orbital containing a lone pair

How is a dative covalent bond formed?

false

lone pair-lone pair repulsion < lone pair-bond pair repulsion [True/False]

true

lone pair-bond pair repulsion > bond pair-bond pair repulsion [True/False]

true

bond pair-bond pair repulsion > lone pair-lone pair repulsion [True/False]

180

What is the bond angle for linear molecules?

120

What is the bond angle for trigonal planar molecules?

109.5

What is the bond angle for tetrahedral molecules?

107

What is the bond angle for triagonal pyramidal molecules?

104.5

What is the bond angle for V-shaped molecules?

90

120

90

What is the bond angle for hexagonal molecules?

dipoles cancel

Why is carbon dioxide not a polar molecule?

dipoles reinforce

What makes a molecule polar?

London forces

What name is given to instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions?

van der Waals forces

What is another name for London forces?

shifting electron density

What causes an instantaneous dipole?

atomic number / number of electrons

Strength of London forces increases as ... increases

sometimes attract

sometimes repel

more electronegative than hydrogen

The atom bonded to hydrogen has to be ... to undergo hydrogen bonding

alcohol (OH)

All compounds containing which group can undergo hydrogen bonding?

between a hydrogen and the lone pair of electrons on oxygen

Where is the hydrogen bond in water?

between a hydrogen and the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen

Where is the hydrogen bond in ammonia?

CnH2n+2

What is the general formula of alkanes?

increased significance of London forces

more point of contact

CnH2n+1OH

What is the general formula for alcohols?

alcohols

hydrogen bonding

HF

Which hydrogen halide has the highest boiling temperature?

increases

From HCl -> HBr -> HI boiling temperature... [Increases/decreases]

hydrogen bonding

Why does water have a high boiling temperature?

fewer hydrogen bonds per molecule

Why does HF have a lower boiling temperature than water?

gaps between molecules

Why is ice less dense than water?

particles separated & surrounded by solvent particles

strong force of attraction between solute & solvent

non-polar

what types of molecules are insoluble in water?

like dissolves like

What is the rule of thumb for solvents?

giant metallic lattice

"High melting temperature

giant ionic lattice

"High melting temperatures

giant covalent lattices

What are diamond

sigma bonds

What bonds are present in diamond?

109.5

What is the bond angle in diamond?

high melting temperature

hard

graphite

Which giant covalent lattice is a good solid lubricant?

can only conduct parallel to layers

What is unique about graphite's ability to conduct electricity?

single layer of graphite

What is graphene?

molecules arranged in a regular pattern

Why is solid iodine crystalline?

molecular lattices

What are ice and solid iodine examples of?

only London forces need to be overcome

Why do molecular solids have low melting temperatures?

covalent bonding

Which type of bonding can result in either a giant lattice or a discrete molecule?

oxidation

What is the loss of electrons called?

reduction

What is the gain of electrons called?

it is reduced

What happens to an oxidising agent in a reaction?