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Space
The geometric surface of the Earth.
Activity Space
The area where daily activities occur.
Place
A bounded space of human importance.
Toponym
A place-name assigned to a location.
Scale
Relationship of an object or place to the Earth.
Sequent Occupancy
Succession of cultural influences in a place's history.
Formal Region
Bounded space with homogeneous characteristics.
Functional Region
Area with a central node serving a practical purpose.
Vernacular Region
Based on residents' collective perception.
Absolute Location
Defines a point using coordinates like latitude and longitude.
Relative Location
Position compared to a known place or feature.
Distance Decay
Interaction decreases with distance from a place of origin.
Central Place Theory
Analyzes city locations and economic exchange.
Core and Periphery
Relationships in regional, cultural, and economic phenomena.
Diffusion Patterns
Ways in which human phenomena spread spatially.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Incorporates data layers for spatial analysis.
Population Growth
Involves rate of natural increase and demographic equation.
Birth Rate
Annual statistic of live births per total population.
Death Rate
Annual statistic of deaths per total population.
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
Annual percentage of population growth.
Doubling Time
Time for a country's population to double.
Net Migration Rate (NMR)
Immigration minus emigration per thousand population.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average number of children per female.
Replacement Rate
TFR of 2.1 for population stability.
Dependency Ratio
Ratio of non-working to working individuals.
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Theory of population changes over time.
Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)
Countries that have experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth, transitioning from primarily agricultural to manufacturing-based economies.
Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)
A model that explains the changing population patterns in societies as they develop, focusing on the shifts in birth and death rates due to medical advancements.
Population Projection
Estimating how a population will change over time and predicting its growth or decline based on various factors.
S-Curve of Population
Describes the pattern of rapid population growth followed by stabilization or decline due to reaching the carrying capacity of the environment.
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
A model that illustrates the stages of population growth and decline in societies as they progress through economic and social development.
Malthusian Theory
Theory proposing that population growth will outpace food production, leading to a crisis unless population control measures are implemented.
Population Pyramids
Graphical representations of a population's age and gender distribution, providing insights into the demographic structure of a country or region.
Cultural Synthesis (Syncretism)
The blending of different cultural influences to create a new, unique cultural expression or identity.
Monolingual
Knowing and using only one language for communication.
Lingua Franca
A common language used as a bridge between speakers of different native languages, facilitating communication in diverse settings.
Dravidian
A language family spoken by 230 million people in and around the Indian subcontinent.
Anatolian theory
A theory suggesting that migrants from the Indian subcontinent settled in present-day Turkey before migrating to Europe.
Folk music
Original music specific to a culture, often incorporating unique instruments and cultural stories.
Bluegrass
A popular folk music type originating in Kentucky, influencing country and rock music.
Continental cuisine
Formal food traditions from mainland Europe, including haute cuisine and nouvelle cuisine.
Five Pillars of Islam
Core principles guiding moral behavior for Muslims, including daily prayers and pilgrimage to Mecca.
Caste System
Social hierarchy in India with five main castes, including Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, and Dalits.
Theocracy
A form of government where religious leaders hold senior positions, as seen in Iran.
Folklore
Stories and histories specific to a culture, shaping societal ethics and beliefs.
Race
Physical characteristics defining common genetic heritage, categorized into Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid groups.
Lebensraum
the living space for each distinct nation based on optimal physical geography of the culture group
Neo-Nazism
violent racism against non-whites and immigrants or violent expression of xenophobia
Ethnocentrism
belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group over others
Cultural relativism
understanding individual beliefs and activities in the context of their culture
Internal identity
expressing cultural heritage to those sharing the same background
External identity
expressing cultural heritage to those from different backgrounds
Culture regions
bounded spaces with homogeneous cultural characteristics
Fuzzy borders
difficulty in determining where one cultural region ends and another begins
Cultural Hearths
localized areas where cultures originated or have main population centers
Sequent occupance
different dominant cultures replacing each other over time in a region
Acculturation
adapting to a new culture while retaining aspects of the original culture
Assimilation
complete change in identity as a minority culture becomes part of the majority
Cultural survival
efforts to protect and promote indigenous cultures
Depopulation of Native Americans
significant decline in native population due to diseases of European origin
Cultural globalization
influences diminishing other cultures, mainly from English-language sources
Supranationalism
sovereign states aligning for common purposes
Territoriality
expression of political control over space
Citizenship
legal identity based on state of birth or naturalization
Enclave
minority culture group within a country dominated by a different culture
Exclave
fragmented sovereign territory separated from the main state territory
Boundary Process
The process of claiming, negotiating, or capturing borders.
Delimitation Process
Placing borders on the map.
Demarcation Process
Placing markers on the ground to show where borders lie.
Physical Border
Natural boundaries like rivers, mountains, or deserts.
Cultural Border
Estimated boundaries between nations, ethnic groups, or tribes.
Geometric Border
Boundaries surveyed along lines of latitude and longitude.
Definitional Dispute
Interpretation differences in border treaties.
Locational Dispute
Border movement due to natural changes like rivers shifting.
Operational Dispute
Agreed borders with crossing issues.
Allocational Dispute
Disputes over resources lying across borders.
Frontier
Open and undefined territory.
Tyranny of the Map
Imposed boundaries not matching cultural boundaries.
State Morphology
Impact of a country's shape on society and external relations.
Compact State
Shape without irregularity.
Fragmented State
Broken into pieces like archipelagos.
Elongated State
Stretched-out, long shape.
Prorupt State
State with a panhandle or peninsula.
Perforated State
State with holes like a large lake.
Landlocked State
State with no sea or ocean borders.
Annexation
Addition of territory through land purchase or extension of territorial claims.
Capitals
Seat of government in a state.
Suffrage
Voting rights based on age, race, and gender.
Gerrymandering
Irregularly shaped districts for political advantage.
Feudalism
Political economy with aristocracy controlling land and wealth.
Absolute Monarchy
Supreme aristocrat as head of state and government.
Constitutional Monarchy
Supreme aristocrat as head of state, elected leader as head of government.
Commonwealth of Nations
Former British Empire parts with the British monarch as head of state.
Free-Market Democracies
Elected-representative parliamentary systems.
Separation of Powers
Division of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
Marxist-Socialism
Political-economic theories aiming to address feudalism and capitalism inequalities.
Geopolitics
Global-scale relationships between sovereign states.
Centripetal Forces
Factors holding together the state.
Centrifugal Forces
Factors tearing apart the state.
Balkanization
Political landscape transition from a larger state to smaller states.
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