GRAM-POSITIVE SPORE-FORMING BACILLI

bacillus spp.

• identify the genus

• cells arranged in long chains

• central spores

• aerobic

• hemolysis in B. cereus

• gelatin liquefied

• inverted tree

long chains

• bacillus spp.

• cell structure

• cells arranged in _

central

• bacillus spp.

• cell structure

• _ spores

aerobic

• bacillus spp.

• culture

• _ (aerobic or anaerobic?)

bacillus cereus

• bacillus spp.

• culture

• hemolysis in _

gelatin

• bacillus spp.

• culture

• _ liquefied

inverted tree

• bacillus spp.

• culture

• in gelatin stabs, _

bacillus anthracis

• bacillus spp.

• primarily affects herbivores

cutaneous

• bacillus anthracis

• humans infected via contact with diseased animals

• 95% _

spore inhalation

• bacillus anthracis

• humans infected via contact with diseased animals

• 5% _

rare

• bacillus anthracis

• humans infected via contact with diseased animals

• GI anthrax is _

mouth

• bacillus anthracis

• in animals, portal of entry via _

poly-D-glutamic acid capsule

• bacillus anthracis

• pathogenesis

• prevents phagocytosis

pXO2

• bacillus anthracis

• pathogenesis

• capsules are encoded on plasmid _

spore

• bacillus anthracis

• pathogenesis

• _-former

pXO1

• bacillus anthracis

• pathogenesis

• exotoxins are encoded on plasmid _

protective antigen

• bacillus anthracis

• pathogenesis

• exotoxin which promotes entry of EF

B subunit

• bacillus anthracis

• pathogenesis

• protective antigens are similar to the _

edema factor

• bacillus anthracis

• pathogenesis

• exotoxin which impairs neutrophil function causing massive edema

A subunit

• bacillus anthracis

• pathogenesis

• edema factors have an active _

lethal factor

• bacillus anthracis

• pathogenesis

• exotoxin which stimulates release of tumor necrosis factor

cutaneous

• bacillus anthracis

• clinical finding

• painless black vesicles

pulmonary

• bacillus anthracis

• clinical finding

• lungs

GI

• bacillus anthracis

• clinical finding

• abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody diarrhea

ciprofloxacin

• bacillus anthracis

• treatment

doxycycline

• bacillus anthracis

• treatment

raxibacumab

• bacillus anthracis

• treatment for pulmonary

vaccines

• bacillus anthracis

• treatment

gram stain

• bacillus anthracis

• diagnostics

culture

• bacillus anthracis

• diagnostics

serology

• bacillus anthracis

• diagnostics

PCR

• bacillus anthracis

• diagnostics

bacillus cereus

• bacillus spp.

• motile, nonencapsulated

• causes food poisoning when spores are ingested

endospores

• bacillus cereus

• pathogenesis

• what kind of spores?

heat-labile toxin

• bacillus cereus

• pathogenesis

• enterotoxin which causes nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea

heat-stable toxin

• bacillus cereus

• pathogenesis

• enterotoxin which causes causes nausea and vomiting, limited diarrhea

food poisoning

• bacillus cereus

• clinical findings

• nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

bacteremia

• bacillus cereus

• clinical findings

• rare

endocarditis

• bacillus cereus

• clinical findings

• rare

vancomycin

• bacillus cereus

• treatment

clindamycin

• bacillus cereus

• treatment

no

• bacillus cereus

• is there treatment for food poisoning?

contaminated food

• bacillus cereus

• diagnostic

• culture from _

clostridium spp.

• identify the genus

• rod-shaped

• central, subterminal, or terminal spores

• peritrichously- flagellated

• anaerobes, few aerotolerant

• grows well on blood-enriched media

• B-hemolytic

rod

• clostridium spp.

• cell structure

• _-shaped

central

• clostridium spp.

• cell structure

• _ spores

subterminal

• clostridium spp.

• cell structure

• _ spores

terminal

• clostridium spp.

• cell structure

• _ spores

peritrichously

• clostridium spp.

• cell structure

• _-flagellated

anaerobic

• clostridium spp.

• culture

• aerobic or anaerobic?

aerotolerant

• clostridium spp.

• culture

• few species are _

blood-enriched

• clostridium spp.

• culture

• grows well on _ media

beta

• clostridium spp.

• culture

• _-hemolytic

clostridium botulinum

• clostridium spp.

• found in soil, canned or bagged food products, smoked fish, and honey

• causes flaccid paralysis

• adult, infant, wound

neurotoxin

• clostridium botulinum

• pathogenesis

• inhibits release of acetylcholine from peripheral nerves

death

neurotoxins are released upon _ of bacterium

foodborne botulism

• clostridium botulinum

• clinical findings

• GI symptoms

• cranial nerve palsies

• muscle weakness

• respiratory paralysis

infant botulism

• clostridium botulinum

• clinical findings

• constipation

• flaccid paralysis

wound botulism

• clostridium botulinum

• clinical findings

• cranial nerve palsies

• muscle weakness

• respiratory paralysis

antitoxin

• clostridium botulinum

• treatment FB and WB

BIG-IV

• clostridium botulinum

• treatment for IB

penicillin

• clostridium botulinum

• treatment

intubation

• clostridium botulinum

• treatment

surgical debridement

• clostridium botulinum

• treatment for WB

gram stain

• clostridium botulinum

• diagnostics

culture

• clostridium botulinum

• diagnostics

clostridium tetani

• clostridium spp.

• skin trauma by any spore-contaminated object

• found in soil and animal feces

tetanospasmin

• clostridium tetani

• pathogenesis

• sustained contraction of skeletal muscles called ‘tetany

Renshaw cell

• clostridium tetani

• pathogenesis

• tetanospasmin inhibits release of _ interneurons

GABA

• clostridium tetani

• pathogenesis

• tetanospasmin inhibits the release of _ which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

glycine

• clostridium tetani

• pathogenesis

• tetanospasmin inhibits the release of _ which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

high frequency

• clostridium tetani

• pathogenesis

• tetanospasmin leads to _ impulses to the muscle cells

muscle spasms

• clostridium tetani

• clinical findings

lockjaw

• clostridium tetani

• clinical findings

risus sardonicus

• clostridium tetani

• clinical findings

respiratory muscle paralysis

• clostridium tetani

• clinical findings

tetanus toxoid

• clostridium tetani

• treatment

• part of DTaP vaccine

human tetanus immune globulin

• clostridium tetani

• treatment

• antitoxin

clean

• clostridium tetani

• treatment

• _ the wound

metronidazole

• clostridium tetani

• treatment

penicillin

• clostridium tetani

• treatment

gram stain

• clostridium tetani

• diagnostics

culture

• clostridium tetani

• diagnostics

clostridium perfringens

• clostridium spp.

• causes gas gangrene

• found in soil

• rampant and one of the primary causes of death in soldiers before penicillin

lecithinase

• clostridium perfringens

• pathogenesis

• alpha toxin

tissue destructive

• clostridium perfringens

• pathogenesis

• other _ enzymes

cellulitis

• clostridium perfringens

• clinical findings

• necrotic skin exposed

crepitus

• clostridium perfringens

• clinical findings

• wound infection: moist, spongy, crackling consistency due to pockets of gas

clostridial myonecrosis

• clostridium perfringens

• clinical findings

• destroys muscles

diarrheal illness

• clostridium perfringens

• clinical findings

• ingested contaminated food

• watery diarrhea

amputation

• clostridium perfringens

• treatment

penicilin

• clostridium perfringens

• treatment

hyperbaric oxygen

• clostridium perfringens

• treatment

gram stain

• clostridium perfringens

• diagnostics

culture

• clostridium perfringens

• diagnostics

clostridiodes difficile

• identify the genus

• causes pseudomembranous colitis

• responsible for antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis

pseudomembranous colitis

infection described as having a red, inflamed mucosa and areas of white exudate

toxin A

• clostridiodes difficile

• pathogenesis

• causes diarrhea

toxin B

• clostridiodes difficile

• pathogenesis

• cytotoxic to the colonic cells

binary toxin CDT

• clostridiodes difficile

• pathogenesis

• newly discovered in 2002

• produces 15 to 20 times more toxins