Patho/Pharm 1 and Nutrition Study Guide 1

What do DRI, RDA, AI, UL, AMDR stand for?

DRI- Daily Reference Intake

RDA- Recommended Daily Allowance

AI- Adequate Intake

UL- Tolerable Upper Intake Level

AMDR- Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

Carbs

Classification: Organic compound composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen, 3 classifications determined by number of sugars

Function: Provide energy, regulates protein fat metabolism

Essential: Major energy source

Cal/gram = 4 cal/g

Protein

Classification: Linked amino acids from plant and animal sources,
complete, incomplete, and complimentary

Function: Tissue building, nitrogen and water balance, support immune system, acid-base and electrolyte balance

Essential: Builds tissues

Cal/gram = 4 cal/g

Fiber

Classification: Carbohydrate

Function: Ensure bowel health, decreases risk of intestinal cancer, lowers cholesterol, stabilize glucose levels

Essential: Healthy digestive system

Cal/gram = 1.5-2.5 cal/g

Fat

Classification: Fat

Function: Hormone production, cell structure, maintain body temp, covering nerves, adsorption of fat soluble vitamins

Essential: Energy, production, overall health

Cal/gram = 9 cal/g

What is the daily recommended serving for fruits and vegetables?

2.5 cups of fruits and 2.5 cups of vegetables

VLDL, definition, bad or good?

Very Low Density Lipoprotein-bad, carries triglycerides to cells

LDL, definition, bad or good?

Low Density Lipoprotein-bad, carries cholesterol to tissues

HDL, definition, bad or good?

High Density Lipoprotein-Good, removes excess cholesterol from cells, then liver for disposal

DRI and AMDR for Carbs

DRI-130g/day

AMDR-45-65%

AI for fiber

Males 38 g/day

Females 25 g/day

RDA and AMDR for protein

RDA-0.8 g/kg

AMDR-10-35%

What is Kwashiokor and Marasmus?

Kwashiokor-Adequate daily calories, not enough protein

Marasmus-Not enough calories and protein

What is the metabolism of carbs and how is the liver related?

Liver converts carbs into glucose

Glucose enters the bloodstream

Glucose in bloodstream induces the pancreas to release insulin

Glucose enters cells to meet energy needs

***Any unused carbon is stored as GLYCOGEN and in the liver + muscles

Total essential vitamins? How many are there?

Organic substances

13 essential vitamins

Difference between water and fat soluble vitamins?

Water

• Includes only B + C

• Excess can result in deficiency

Fat

• A, D, E, K

• Stored in fat, excess can be toxic

How to test for deficiency and excess of Ca+?

Trosseau’s and Chvostek’s sign, tetany (muscle spasms)

Causes of Calcium Imbalance?

Issues with Vitamin D or Phosphorus

Vitamin D has direct relationship with Calcium

Phosphorus has an indirect relationship with Calcium, Phosphorus binds to Calcium, decreasing the level of Ca+ in the blood