8 marks china History paper 2

1.     Explain TWO causes of the Boxer Uprising. [8]

1. Chinese hatred for foreigners

   • empress Cixi encouraged this, western powers had rights in over 80 ports and cities, boxers resented influence, superstitions + general hate for foreigners and technology like railways and telegraph wires, believed they were disturbing dragons and (tele wires) poisonous, rebellion started to destroy ‘foreign devils’

2. Religious conflict

• western powers brought missionaries to china, converting Buddhism to Christianity, = unpopular shandong province, boxer rebellion attacked Chinese Christian’s, targeted ‘hairy men’

1.     Explain TWO causes of the 1911 revolution in China. [8]

1. Spread of revolutionary ideas

   • sun Yat Sen educated in USA, brought back ideas of republic and a different government, advocated for overthrowing of empire (was exiled but ideas still remained)

2. Weakness of Qing rule

   • emperor PuYi was 2 years old, and even the prince regent Chun was inexperienced as a ruler, failed ‘self-strengthening’ reforms as well, which also increased resentment

1.     Explain TWO causes of the emergence of the Warlord Era. [8]

1. Collapse of central gov

   • yuan Shi Kai death, had control through new republic but this was lost, also eliminated opponents, and forced emperor to abdicate (to Manchuria?) leaving no leader/government, only powers were warlords

2. foreign imperialism: The presence of foreign powers, such as Japan and European countries, exerted significant influence over China during this period. Foreign powers controlled key ports and regions, exploiting China's resources and exacerbating internal divisions. This weakened the central government's authority and contributed to the rise of warlords who often collaborated with or were supported by foreign interests, bc self interest would collaborate with foreign

1.     Explain TWO causes of the May the Fourth Movement. [8]

REAL:

1. Short-term opposition to ToV

• during ww1, china sent 900,000 labourers to help allies, expected land given after, although Woodrow Wilson emphasis on sel-determination, shandong province given to japan = discontent in china, hopes were disappointed = students in Beijing decided to protest against Beijing government to express anger

1. Long-term rise of new political ideas

• ideas of opposition growing since 1900 boxer rebellion + 1911 XH revolution, by 1919 this led to outright protest

• + Sun Yat sen formed ‘revive china society’, the ideas of nationalism had been strengthening in china = desire to protest against weak gov.

• Brutal rule of warlords = students oppose Beiyang gov

1.     Explain TWO causes of the formation of the First United Front (1923-27). [8]

1.  

   Common aims

   -        Destroy the warlords

   -        Expel foreigners = sun yat sent ‘three principles of the people’ = spread political ideology, extraction of foriegners

   -        Improve lives of common people = establishment of united from w GMD

    

   2. Need for unification to remove (common) enemies  

   -        Soviets advised CCP to join GMD to rid of warlords, funded CCP USD5000/year , so couldn’t really disagree

   -        Incident may 30^th  in international settlement British commander

   -         confirmed need for force to remove chinas internal enemies

2. Join to become stronger

   • When large crowds of workers were protesting, a British commander from an international settlement shot into the crowd and killed 10 people, this confirmed for the to groups that it was needed (with force) to remove china’s internal and external enemies—join to make stronger and fight together

6. Explain TWO causes of the Northern Expedition. [8]

desire to reunify China and the need to eliminate warlords. The expedition aimed to bring together the fragmented regions of China under a single central government and end the rule of warlords who had established their own power bases.

-       Opposition to foreign influence …— also to remove/target foreign settlers and Christians

7. Explain TWO causes of the Shanghai Massacres (1927). [8]

Two causes of the Shanghai Massacres (1927) were the power struggle between the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and the Chinese Communist Party,

and the influence of foreign powers, particularly the British and French, in Shanghai.

8. Explain TWO causes of the Extermination Campaigns. [8]

10. Explain TWO causes of the Long March. [8]

1. Long term resentment between CCP and GMD

• CCP hope for a peasant led communist revolution, Chiang Kai shek nationalist beliefs not allow for permanent alliance between two groups

• = GMD + CCP ideological conflict = Long march was end of breakdown of relationship

• After SH massacre 1927, First united front had collapsed = chiang trying to get rid of CCP as a threat

2. 1930-4 extermination campaigns Of GMD

• Chiang Kainshek viewed the CCP as an even bigger danger than warlords, = wanted to destroy

• = extermination campaigns 1930-4, although first campaigns unsuccessful, by 1934 ‘scorched earth’ policy by GMD had led to situation where CCP couldn’t remain in jaingxi soviet, had to leave on LM

9. Explain TWO causes of the survival of Communists on the Long March, 1934-35. [8]

1. Tstrategic leadership . The Communists were led by Mao Zedong, who implemented effective strategies such as guerrilla warfare and decentralized command. This allowed them to evade and outmaneuver their enemies.

2. , the Communists received support from local populations along the route, who provided them with food, shelter, and information, enabling their survival.

11. Explain TWO causes of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. [8]

Two causes of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 were:

1. Economic Interests: Japan sought to secure resources and markets in Manchuria to support its growing industrialization and economic expansion. Manchuria was rich in natural resources such as coal, iron, and timber, which Japan needed for its industries.

2. Political Instability: The political instability in China, particularly in Manchuria, provided an opportunity for Japan to intervene. The weak central government in China and the presence of various warlords created a power vacuum that Japan exploited to establish control over Manchuria and exert influence in the region.

12. Explain TWO causes of the war with Japan, 1937-45. [8]

1. Need for raw materials from china

   • Japan aimed to secure access to vital resources such as oil, rubber, and iron ore, which further fuelled tensions and ultimately led to the outbreak of war.

2. territorial expansion and economic resources. Japan sought to expand its territory in East Asia, leading to conflicts with neighbouring countries.

13. Explain TWO causes of the formation of the Second United Front. [8]

1. Need to join forces against japan,

   • The invasion of China by Japan in the 1930s created a common enemy for the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT). Both parties realised the need to unite and resist Japanese aggression

2. CKS internal political pressure

   • relied on warlord’s cooperation to keep control, they wanted him to focus on fighting the Japanese instead of the communists, also risk on losing support from people as they were frustrated that he allowed japan to enter china in the first place

14. Explain TWO causes of the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in the Civil War (1946-49). [8]

Two causes of the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in the Civil War (1946-49) were:

1. Strong leadership and organization:

   • The Chinese Communist Party, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, had a well-organised and disciplined military force. They implemented effective guerrilla warfare tactics, which allowed them to gain support from the rural population and weaken the Nationalist forces.

2. Popular support and appeal

   • The Chinese Communist Party was able to gain widespread support from peasants and workers by promising land reforms, improved living conditions, and social equality. Their message resonated with the majority of the population, who were dissatisfied with the corruption and inequality under the Nationalist government.

15. Explain TWO causes of the first Five-year Plan. [8]

1.     Mao wanted to modernise china’s economy — similar to soviets in the way that they aimed to achieve rapid industrialisation and improve industry, collectivise agriculture and move away from feudal systems

2.     Influence and support of Soviet Union: assistance from soviet advisers and funding during 5 year plan,

 

16. Explain TWO causes of the attack on landlords after Mao became leader of China in 1949. [8]

Two causes of the attack on landlords after Mao became leader of China in 1949 were:

1. Land Reform: Mao's Communist Party aimed to redistribute land to the peasants and eliminate the feudal system. The attack on landlords was a part of this land reform policy, as they were seen as exploiting the peasants and hindering the progress of the revolution.

2. Class Struggle: Mao believed in the class struggle and saw the landlords as representatives of the exploiting class. The attack on landlords was a way to eliminate the class enemies and establish a more egalitarian society.

17. Explain TWO causes of the Agrarian Reform Law (1950). [8]

1. Mao wanted to modernise china’s economy

2. Mao wanted to establish communist system

18. Explain TWO causes of the 1950 Marriage Law. [8]

1. Gender equality: The law aimed to address gender inequality by abolishing arranged marriages, concubinage, and child marriages. It sought to establish marriage as a voluntary and equal partnership between individuals.

2. Land reform and social transformation: The law was part of broader social reforms implemented by the Communist Party of China. It aimed to dismantle feudal traditions and promote socialist values, including the redistribution of land and wealth. The Marriage Law played a role in transforming traditional family structures and promoting collective values.

19. Explain TWO causes of the Thought Reform campaign. [8]

20. Explain TWO causes of the Three- and Five-anti Campaigns. [8]

1. aim to tackle corruption and waste,

Targeted party officials accused inefficiency and waste, part of Mao thought reform; encouraged cadres and and public to identify ‘perceived enemies of state’. Need for productivity and to attack the ‘three evils’ (corruption, waste, inefficiency’) + to have all resources centrally managed. Corrupt party members= ‘tigers’ and groups who sought them, ‘tiger hunters’

2. Mao remove capitalist elements from society

Wanted to remove ‘5 evils’; bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, fraud, industrial sabotage. Mao Zedong wanted the communists to have centralised control over the economy during the First 5 year plan, which was enacted in 1952. Therefore, Mao Zedong had to eliminate profit-driven businesses/men and industrialists who had impact on the economy and made them the target of the Five- antis campaign.

21. Explain TWO causes of the Hundred Flowers Campaign. [8]

1. Maos concern over authoritarian control, 2. Mao desire for continuous revolution purging

-        Nikita Khrushchev, 1956 speech, criticising Soviet Union Stalin and his cult of personality. As Mao similar approach and looked up to Stalin, felt it was also critical of himself. Mao threatened and wanted to avoid similar situation/concerned that other people feel the same way

-        Mao also wanted to purge disloyal and corrupt members, by encouraging to speak freely could eliminate those who did display lack of loyalty and other threats to CCP control.

22. Explain TWO causes of Mao’s decision to end the Hundred Flowers Campaign. [8]

Two causes of Mao's decision to end the Hundred Flowers Campaign were:

1. Criticism and opposition: The campaign initially encouraged intellectuals and citizens to express their opinions freely, but it resulted in widespread criticism of the Communist Party and Mao's leadership. This criticism threatened Mao's authority and led to concerns about potential unrest and challenges to the party's control.

2. Fear of counter-revolutionary elements: As the campaign progressed, Mao became increasingly concerned that the open criticism could be exploited by counter-revolutionary forces to undermine the Communist Party's rule. Mao feared that the campaign had allowed hidden enemies to surface and that they could use the opportunity to organize and launch a counter-revolutionary movement.

23. Explain TWO causes of the Great Leap Forward. [8]

: reduce chinas dependency on Soviet Union, rapid industrialisation, after success of first 5 year plan Mao believed that the collectives systems were the most effective, so wanted to repeat similar but at a much larger scale

Consolidation of power through collectivisation— placed power under one central control, more power to Mao and CCP, able to control agriculture and production

25. Explain TWO causes of the Great Famine (1958-62). [8]

1. Lack of incentive to produce in communes/officials not telling the truth about production

2. Natural: drought, floods, centralised gov ineffective

3. Failure of agricultural campaigns

   • four pests: more Harm than good/ecosystem

   • Soviet method: Lysenkoism failure

26. Explain TWO causes of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (1950). [8]

The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (1950) was influenced by two main causes:

1. Common Ideology: Both China and the Soviet Union were communist countries, and the treaty was driven by their shared ideology. The Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, sought support from the Soviet Union to consolidate their power and establish a socialist state.

2. Mutual Security Concerns: Both China and the Soviet Union faced external threats and saw the treaty as a means to enhance their security. China was concerned about potential aggression from the United States and its allies, while the Soviet Union sought to counter the influence of Western powers in Asia.

27. Explain TWO causes of the Cultural Revolution. [8]

Two causes of the Cultural Revolution were:

1. Power struggle within the Chinese Communist Party: The Cultural Revolution was fueled by a power struggle between different factions within the party, particularly between Mao Zedong and his rivals. Mao used the movement to regain control and eliminate his political opponents.

2. Desire for ideological purity: Mao believed that the Chinese society was becoming too capitalist and that the party was losing its revolutionary spirit. He wanted to purify the party and society by promoting radical communist ideology and eliminating perceived bourgeois elements.

28. Explain TWO causes of the violence that occurred during the Cultural Revolution. [8]

During the Cultural Revolution, two causes of the violence were:

1. Political Power Struggle: The struggle for power within the Communist Party led to violent clashes between different factions. Mao Zedong's call for continuous revolution and the formation of Red Guard groups intensified the power struggle, resulting in violence.

2. Class Struggle: The Cultural Revolution aimed to eliminate the "Four Olds" (old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits) and establish a classless society. This led to the targeting and persecution of individuals perceived as belonging to the bourgeoisie or capitalist class, resulting in violence and social unrest.

29. Explain TWO causes of the Sino-Soviet Split of 1959. [8]

The Sino-Soviet Split of 1959 was caused by several factors. Two significant causes were ideological differences and territorial disputes.

1. Ideological Differences: The split was primarily driven by ideological disagreements between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Soviet Union. The CCP, under Mao Zedong, believed in a more radical and revolutionary approach to communism, while the Soviet Union, led by Nikita Khrushchev, advocated for a more moderate and pragmatic approach. These ideological differences led to tensions and disagreements on various issues, including the interpretation of Marxism-Leninism and the direction of the global communist movement.

2. Territorial Disputes: Another cause of the Sino-Soviet Split was territorial disputes, particularly over the border between China and the Soviet Union. The two countries had disagreements over the ownership of several islands on the Ussuri River and the demarcation of their shared border. These territorial disputes further strained the relationship between the two countries and contributed to the deterioration of their alliance.

30. Explain TWO causes of the unpopularity of the ‘Gang of Four’ in China. [8]

The unpopularity of the 'Gang of Four' in China can be attributed to two main causes:

1. Cultural Revolution: The 'Gang of Four' played a significant role in the Cultural Revolution, which was a period of political and social turmoil in China. Maos 4th wife played a big role—cultural censoriship. radical policies and actions led to widespread chaos, violence, and the persecution of millions of people. This resulted in a loss of public support and a negative perception of the 'Gang of Four' among the Chinese population.

2. Power Struggle: The 'Gang of Four' was seen as a faction that sought to consolidate power and maintain control over the Chinese Communist Party. Their actions were perceived as self-serving and detrimental to the overall well-being of the country. This power struggle and their authoritarian approach further contributed to their unpopularity among the Chinese people.

31. Explain TWO causes of Deng Xiaoping becoming the leader of China. [8]

32. Explain TWO causes of the changes under Deng. [8]

33. Explain TWO causes of the One-child Policy. [8]

34. Explain TWO causes of the Democracy Movement (1979). [8]

35. Explain TWO causes of student unrest in China in the years 1986-89. [8]

36. Explain TWO causes of Deng Xiaoping’s decision to use violence to end protests in Tiananmen Square in 1989. [8]