(111) Rise of Industrialism

What was the significance of the first transatlantic cable in 1858?

It allowed instantaneous communication between Europe and the United States.

What major electrical advancements began to emerge around the turn of the century?

Electric lights and electrical appliances like irons and food warmers.

What is the Bessemer steel process known for?

It produced cleaner and stronger steel, essential for construction, railroads, and bridges.

Who is credited with the development of Taylorism?

Frederick Winslow Taylor, who advocated for scientific management and efficiency in the workforce.

What was the primary fuel source used before the widespread adoption of petroleum?

Coal, primarily for steam-powered machines.

What was the Sherman Antitrust Act?

The first anti-monopoly law aimed at preventing corporate monopolies.

What is the difference between horizontal and vertical integration?

Horizontal integration is acquiring competitors, while vertical integration is controlling all aspects of production.

What was the impact of Henry Ford's mass production methods?

It made cars affordable and accessible to the general public.

What was 'social Darwinism' in the context of the Industrial Age?

The belief that the wealthy were superior and that poverty resulted from poor personal management.

What is the 'Gospel of Wealth'?

Andrew Carnegie's idea that the rich have a responsibility to improve society and give back.

What happened during the Pullman Strike of 1894?

Workers struck against wage cuts, leading to federal intervention to break the strike.

How did the growth of factories affect labor in cities?

Factories created job opportunities but also led to exploitation, long hours, and unsafe working conditions.

Who was Ida Tarbell and what was her contribution?

A muckraking journalist known for her exposé against Standard Oil's monopolistic practices.

What was the role of corporations in relation to political power during the Gilded Age?

Corporations gained significant influence over government policies and public life.

What event contributed to the rise of labor unions in the late 19th century?

Economic panics and the exploitation of workers in factories led to increased organization for better rights.

What did the term 'limited liability' mean for investors in the 19th century?

Investors could invest without risking personal financial loss beyond their investment.

What were some consequences of the economic panics of 1873 and 1893?

Increased fear of monopolies, worker unrest, and calls for regulation of corporations.

What did the arrival of new immigrants during the industrial era bring to American society?

A diverse workforce that created ethnic tensions and competition for jobs.

What issues did unions rise against in the late 19th century?

Child labor, unsafe working conditions, and low wages.

How did the government respond to union strikes during the late 1800s?

Through intervention by federal troops to break strikes and maintain order.