APUSH - Ch. 13-14 Key Terms & People

corrupt bargain

An alleged agreement between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure Adams the presidency in the 1824 election in exchange for appointing Clay as Secretary of State

spoils system

The practice of rewarding political supporters with federal office

Tariff of Abominations

High tariff intended by Jackson’s supporters to be shut down, and thus hurt Adams’ reputation, but instead was passed in 1828 and inherited by Jackson

Nullification Crisis

The state election of 1832, when the delegates of a special convention declared the Tariff of 1832 void in South Carolina and threatened separation from the Union if the federal government attempted to force payment

compromise Tariff of 1833

Bill gradually reducing the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over 8 years; intended to solve crisis without bloodshed, and was favored by S.C.

Force Bill

Bill authorizing the president (Jackson) to use the army and navy to collect federal tariff duties if necessary

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Act forcing the emigration of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi further west

Trail of Tears

Cherokee passage westward under Indian Removal Act, upon which countless died

Black Hawk War of 1832

War fought by regular troops and volunteers against Indians from Illinois and Wisconsin resisting eviction

Bank War

The 1832 event of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presenting a bill to renew the Bank of the United States (it was set to expire in 1836), and of Jackson’s vetoing the bill

Anti-Masonic party

Political group opposing secret societies, especially the Free-Masons, and advocating for moral and religious reform

pet banks

State-run, pro-Jackson banks

Specie Circular

Decree requiring all public lands to be purchased with metallic money

panic of 1837

Economic panic resulting from over-speculation of canals, roads, railroads, and slaves; was worsened by the Bank War, Specie Circular, and crop failures

Alamo, Battle of

1836 San Antonio battle during which nearly two hundred Texans were killed

Goliad, Battle of

1836 battle for Texas during which about four hundred American volunteers laid down their arms and were butchered as “pirates”

San Jacinto, Battle of

1836 battle during which Texas secured its independence from Mexico

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State under Monroe; President of the United States 1824-1828

Andrew Jackson

Hero of the war of 1812; President of the United States 1828-1836

Denmark Vesey

Free black man convicted of starting an uprising in South Carolina

John C. Calhoun

Vice President under Jackson; author of The South Carolina Exposition

Black Hawk

Leader of the Sauk and Fox braves of Black Hawk War

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Bank of the United States

Daniel Webster

Senator of New Hampshire and Massachusetts; helped present the recharter of the Bank of the United States to Congress

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House; Secretary of State under John Q. Adams, 1824-1828; helped present the recharter of the Bank of the United States to Congress

Martin Van Buren

President of the United States of America, 1836-1840

Stephen Austin

Leader of first successful colonization of Texas; leader in the fight for independence from Mexico

Sam Housten

American general and statesman who played a large role in the fight for Texas’ independence from Mexico

Santa Anna

Mexico’s dictator and leader in Texas’ fight for independence from it

William Henry Harrison

President of the United States, March-April 1841; had the nickname “Old Tippecanoe”

“Self-Reliance”

Essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson emphasizing individualism

rendezvous

French for “meeting”; describes a system of fur-trapping where traders made camp in the Rocky Mountains and waited for fur-trappers and Indians to come to trade fur for European goods

ecological imperialism

The introduction of European species and diseases that affected the indigenous ecology of the New World

Ancient Order of Hibernians

A semi-secret society founded in Ireland to fight landlords; in America, it benevolently served the downtrodden

Molly Maguires

Shadowy Pennsylvania Irish miner’s Union sparked by the Ancient Order of Hibernians in the 1860s and 1870s

Tamany Hall

A New York political machine that gained support from immigrants in the city, especially Irish immigrants

Know-Nothing Party

Nativist society desiring rigid restrictions on immigration and naturalization, as well as desiring deportation of the poor

Awful Disclosures

A falsely lurid and sensationalist book written by nativists “exposing” the secret sins of Catholic convents

cotton gin

Machine for separating cotton from the seed

Patent Office

U.S. agency serving as a collector and keeper of patents

limited liability

Permitted the individual investor in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy to not risk more than his own share

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court case ruling that peaceful strikes were not illegal

cult of domesticity

The glorifying of the home as the highest calling of a woman; gave the mother increasing power over the construct of the family

McCormick reaper

Mechanical mower-reaper

turnpike

Hard-surfaced 62-mile highway; tollgate was a barrier of sharp pikes that turned aside once the toll was paid

Erie Canal

Canal linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson river; allowed for shorter times in shipping, cheaper prices, and industrial boom

clipper ships

Long, thin ships with many canvas sails; could outrun steamboats

Pony Express

Mail express covering over two thousand miles, delivered by riders on horses

transportation revolution

Time during the 19th century wherein great changes took place in technology for transportation

market revolution

Time during the 19th century wherein great changes took place in technology for industry and the market

Samuel Slater

“Father of the Factory System”; built the first textile machines in America

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin and replaceable parts for muskets

Elias Howe

Inventor of the modern sewing machine

Isaac Singer

Improved upon Howe’s sewing machine

Samuel F. B. Morse

Inventor of the telegraph

John Deere

Inventor of the steel plow

Cyrus McCormick

Inventor of the mechanical mower-reaper

Robert Fulton

Inventor of the steamboat

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York; founded the Erie Canal

Cyrus Field

Laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1858

John Jacob Astor

Businessman who made his fortune mainly in monopolizing the fur-trade