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belief that the biological basis of racial difference is false; race is not intrinsic to human beings but an identity created by society that shifts and evolves over time.
A system of social, economic, and political advantage based on race, defined as prejudice plus institutional power. (Prejudice + Institutional Power = Racism)
An individual act that disadvantages a member of another group.
beliefs or assumptions that all people in a specific group share certain characteristics solely because they are members of that group.
physical characteristics such as skin color, hair color and texture, and body shape.
Negative attitudes toward an individual or group based solely on their membership in a particular social group.
it led to the creation of America's racial hierarchy as elites sought to prevent unity among poor whites and Black people.
Because of being inexpensive and their unfamiliarity with the regional climate, combined with perceived religious justifications.
familial ties or kinship.
A racial classification system that determined any person with even one ancestor of Black descent was considered Black, used to enforce segregation.
Irish and German immigrants
What area of the world did white ethnics emigrate from in the late 1800s
Eastern and Southern Europe
only 'free white persons' could become naturalized U.S. citizens, systematically excluding Black and Indigenous people.
What factors contributed to white immigrants eventually being incorporated into white identity?
Military service in wars like WWII.
Economic mobility and access to homeownership.
Legal and social policies that prioritized European immigrants over non-white groups.
provided 160 acres of land to settlers, mostly benefiting white Americans while systematically excluding Black people and Indigenous groups.
The New Deal. How did it systematically exclude African Americans from its benefits?
Many New Deal programs (like Social Security and labor protections) excluded agricultural and domestic workers, jobs largely held by Black Americans.
Redlining and housing discrimination prevented Black families from benefiting from government-backed home loans.
Black veterans were often denied benefits like low-interest home loans and college tuition assistance.
Discriminatory housing policies (like redlining) prevented Black veterans from buying homes in desirable areas.
Many colleges excluded Black students, limiting their educational opportunities.
discriminatory practice where banks and the government denied loans and housing to Black Americans by marking their neighborhoods as 'high-risk'.
Social Security Act. How did it systematically exclude African Americans
Initially excluded agricultural and domestic workers, which disproportionately affected Black workers.
Many Black Americans were left without retirement benefits or unemployment protections.
a racist conspiracy theory claiming that white populations are being 'replaced' by immigrants and non-white groups.
counted each enslaved person as 3/5 of a person for representation and taxation, giving more political power to slaveholding states.
required that any enslaved person who escaped to a free state be returned to their owner.
laws that limited the movement and agency of slaves, restricting activities like testifying in court and assembly.
post-Civil War laws aimed at restricting the rights of newly freed Black Americans, criminalizing vagrancy and unemployment.
the period after the Civil War aimed at integrating freed Black Americans into society.
abolished slavery.
granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.
granted Black men the right to vote.
provided food, education, and healthcare to formerly enslaved people and helped establish historically Black colleges.
ended Reconstruction, removing federal troops from the South and allowing Southern states to enforce racial segregation.
used to enforce racial hierarchy and white supremacy through public terror and violence.
A practice where imprisoned Black people were leased to private businesses for forced labor.
made literacy tests and poll taxes constitutional, leading to the disenfranchisement of Black voters.
Ruled that Black Americans were not U.S. citizens and had no legal rights.
Declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, expanding slavery.
established the 'separate but equal' doctrine, legalizing racial segregation.
provided religious, economic, and political support, serving as a central institution for civil rights leadership and organizing.
achieve Black equality through legal action and won significant court cases like Brown v. Board of Education.
advocated for self-defense, healthcare, education, and economic justice, providing community services like breakfast programs.
a shift toward Black self-determination and social, economic, and political empowerment.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Led by Martin Luther King Jr., composed of ministers and church groups.
Advocated for nonviolent protests and civil disobedience.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest in 1955.
Lasted over a year and led to a Supreme Court ruling that bus segregation was unconstitutional.
Launched Martin Luther King Jr. as a civil rights leader.
the belief that Black Americans must conform to white societal standards to gain civil rights.
What civil rights organization did Black Lives Matter model itself after?
Student Non-Violent Organization
determined that Native Indians could not be forcibly removed from their ancestral land.
ruled that non-native Americans could not enter tribal lands.
justified U.S. claims to Native lands based on European civilization and ownership beliefs.
held that whites had a moral obligation to 'civilize' Native peoples, denying Indians' capacity to manage their lands.
granted citizenship only to those born after 1924, leaving many Native Americans without the right to vote.
aimed to erase Native culture and enforce European cultural practices to assimilate Native children into American society.
the belief that American westward expansion was divinely sanctioned and inevitable.
authorized the removal of Native Americans from their lands to territories west of the Mississippi River.
the forced relocation of the Cherokee and other tribes, resulting in many deaths due to harsh conditions.
manages relations between the U.S. government and Native tribes, historically involved in assimilation policies.
exchanged Indian communal lands for individual plots with the promise of citizenship.
involved the U.S. military killing approximately 300 Lakota tribe members amid attempts to suppress a Ghost Dance.
arose in the 1960s, promoting civil rights for Native Americans through protests and demands for equal treatment.
Mexican American War
Initiated by President James K. Polk, leading to conflict between the U.S. and Mexico.
Resulted in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), where Mexico ceded a large portion of its northern territory to the U.S.
Led to the U.S. annexing what is now the western portion of the continental United States.
What is a pan-ethnic identity
Classification is made up of many different ethnic groups that are grouped together.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Ended the Mexican-American War and resulted in the U.S. acquiring the western portion of the continental U.S.
The treaty promised U.S. citizenship to former Mexican citizens.
Many, particularly those of Native American descent, did not receive citizenship until 1924.
League of United American Citizens (LULAC)
focused on advancing the rights of Mexican Americans, particularly in education, voting rights, and combating discrimination. LULAC played a key role in challenging school segregation and advocating for Latino political representation.
The Spanish American War
United Farmworkers
Series of labor strikes and fasts to dramatize plight of Mexican American farm workers
(25 day fast)
Mexican Americans
laws and policies discriminating against Latinos, particularly in immigration and civil rights contexts.
differed due to political refugee status and preferential treatment, especially after the Cuban Revolution.
due to opposition to Democratic policies and strong anti-communist sentiments, especially among Cuban refugees.
What region of the U.S. are most Mexican Americans populated?
Southwest
What region/city are most Puerto Rican Americans populated?
Northeast/New York
Where are most Cuban Americans populated in the U.S.?
Florida
What event motivate Cuban mass migration to U.S.?
Cuban Revolution (communism)
What are some other forms of participation utilized by the Latino community?
Civil rights activism, including organizations like the Brown Berets and the Mexican American Legal and Educational Defense Fund (MALDEF).
Protests and strikes, particularly in the Chicana/o Movement, which fought against racism and cultural assimilation.
Community organizing and advocacy, focusing on education, labor rights, and social justice.
Policies that limit Spanish language use or restrict Latino voting rights are also considered Juan Crow tactics.
The term highlights systemic discrimination against Latinos in areas such as employment, education, and law enforcement.
the 1850s to the 1880s (Mid 19th century)
Economic competition and racial discrimination
the first restrictive immigration law targeting a specific group by barring Chinese women from entering the U.S.
the first law intended to prevent a specific ethnic group from immigrating to the U.S.
created internment camps for Japanese Americans during World War II.
Discuss the natural of Japanese internment during World War II
Crowded, people that even had one drop of Japanese blood were forced to go
racist belief that Asian immigrants posed a threat to Western society.
halted immigration from Asia.
rapid increase in the Asian population in the United States.
sought self-determination and liberation, focusing on anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist goals.
presents Asians as more educated and successful, which can inadvertently uphold stereotypes and ignore inequities.
Latinos
Asians
Blacks
