Ap Psych 5

Health Psychology

Studies how biological, social, and psychological factors influence health and illness.

Psychoneuroimmunology

The study of the interaction between the nervous system, immune system, and psychological factors.

Stress

A psychological and physiological response to perceived challenges or threats.

Approach Motives

Motives to approach situations to seek positive outcomes.

Avoidance Motives

Motives to avoid situations to escape negative outcomes.

Kurt Lewin

A psychologist known for his work on social psychology and field theory.

Hans Selye

A psychologist who developed the General Adaptation Syndrome theory of stress.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A model describing the body's response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Tend-and-Befriend Response

A stress response involving nurturing and seeking social support, especially in women.

Coronary Heart Disease

A condition in which blood vessels supplying the heart become narrowed or blocked.

Type A Personality

A personality type characterized by high ambition, competitiveness, and impatience.

Type B Personality

A personality type characterized by a relaxed and easygoing nature.

Catharsis

The process of releasing strong emotions to provide relief.

Coping

The process of managing and dealing with stress and difficult emotions.

Problem-Focused Coping

A coping strategy that addresses the root cause of stress directly.

Emotion-Focused Coping

A coping strategy that manages emotions in response to stress rather than solving the problem.

Personal Control

The belief that one can influence or control events in their life.

Learned Helplessness

A condition where an individual feels unable to control or change a situation.

External Locus of Control

The belief that outside forces are responsible for what happens in one's life.

Internal Locus of Control

The belief that one controls their own fate through actions and decisions.

Self-Control

The ability to regulate one’s emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.

Martin Seligman

Psychologist known for his work on learned helplessness and positive psychology.

Positive Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies and cultivates positive emotions and strengths.

Subjective Well-Being

A person's self-perceived happiness or life satisfaction.

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

The tendency to do good deeds when feeling happy.

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

The tendency to judge experiences based on past experiences.

Relative Deprivation

The perception of being worse off compared to others.

Broaden-and-Build Theory

Suggests that positive emotions broaden thinking and build coping resources.

Character Strengths and Virtues

Positive traits that contribute to a fulfilling life.

Resilience

The ability to bounce back from adversity and overcome challenges.

Aerobic Exercise

Physical activity that increases heart rate and improves cardiovascular health.

Mindfulness Meditation

A practice focusing on being present, helping reduce stress and enhance well-being.

Gratitude

The feeling of thankfulness for positive aspects of life.

Agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder marked by fear and avoidance of situations where escape is difficult.

Specific Phobia

An intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Hoarding Disorder

A condition where an individual has difficulty discarding possessions, leading to clutter.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A mental disorder triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Disorders triggered by exposure to trauma or chronic stress.

Depressive Disorders

Mood disorders characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness.

Bipolar Disorders

Mood disorders characterized by extreme mood swings.

Major Depressive Disorder

A severe form of depression interfering with daily life.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A long-term form of depression (dysthymia) lasting at least two years.

Bipolar I Disorder

A type of bipolar characterized by manic episodes lasting at least one week.

Mania

A period of abnormally elevated mood and energy levels.

Bipolar II Disorder

Characterized by hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.

Rumination

The repetitive focusing on negative thoughts.

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

A group of disorders characterized by distorted thinking and perceptions.

Psychotic Disorders

Mental health disorders marked by a disconnection from reality.

Delusion

A false belief held despite evidence to the contrary.

Chronic Schizophrenia

A long-term form of schizophrenia with persistent symptoms.

Acute Schizophrenia

A type with sudden onset and severe symptoms, often recoverable.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders characterized by disruptions in memory, identity, or consciousness.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A severe form of dissociation with multiple distinct identities.

Dissociative Amnesia

An inability to recall important autobiographical information.

Personality Disorders

Disorders characterized by enduring patterns of behavior and cognition.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Marked by disregard for others' rights and often manipulative behavior.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Characterized by abnormal eating behaviors.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder marked by an extreme fear of gaining weight.

Bulimia Nervosa

Characterized by binge eating followed by behaviors to prevent weight gain.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Disorders involving developmental deficits in cognitive, social, or physical function.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Characterized by challenges with social interactions and restrictive behaviors.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Marked by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Dorothea Dix

A mental health advocate who improved conditions for the mentally ill.

Deinstitutionalization

Removing individuals from institutions and integrating them into community care.

Psychotherapy

A treatment involving a therapist helping clients work through issues.

Biomedical Therapy

Uses medications or medical procedures to alter brain functioning.

Eclectic Approach

Combines elements from different therapy types to suit a client’s needs.

Sigmund Freud

The founder of psychoanalysis.

Psychoanalysis

Focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts and desires.

Resistance

The unconscious blocking of anxiety-laden material from consciousness.

Interpretation

The analyst's insight into the unconscious meaning of client's thoughts.

Transference

Clients project feelings about important people onto their therapist.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Focuses on understanding unconscious processes influencing current behavior.

Insight Therapies

Aims to help clients gain insight into their thoughts and behaviors.

Person-Centered Therapy

Emphasizes empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard in therapy.

Carl Rogers

Psychologist known for developing person-centered therapy.

Active Listening

A communication technique that shows empathy and understanding.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Complete acceptance and support for the client, regardless of actions.

Behavior Therapy

Applies learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors.

Counterconditioning

Replaces an undesirable response to a stimulus with a more desirable one.

Mary Cover Jones

Known for using classical conditioning to reduce fear in children.

Joseph Wolpe

Developed systematic desensitization for treating phobias.

Exposure Therapies

Gradually expose individuals to feared stimuli to reduce anxiety.

Systematic Desensitization

Gradual exposure to a feared stimulus while practicing relaxation.

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

Uses VR to confront fears in a controlled environment.

Aversive Conditioning

Associating an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus.

B.F. Skinner

Best known for developing operant conditioning.

Token Economy

Earn tokens for desired behaviors to exchange for rewards.

Cognitive Therapy

Focuses on identifying and challenging distorted thoughts.

Albert Ellis

Developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Focuses on changing irrational beliefs to improve emotional functioning.

Aaron Beck

Known for developing cognitive therapy to change negative thought patterns.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to address dysfunction.

Group Therapy

A type of therapy where small groups discuss their experiences.

Family Therapy

Involves working with families to improve communication and resolve conflicts.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to favor information that confirms one’s beliefs.

Meta-Analysis

Combines results of multiple studies to identify patterns.

Evidence-Based Practice

Integrates research with clinical expertise for treatment decisions.

Therapeutic Alliance

The relationship between therapist and client, crucial for therapy outcomes.